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Dasiphora fruticosa

(L.) Rydb.

Golden-Hardhack

G5Secure Found in 338 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
UnknownThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.734230
Element CodePDROS2C010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVascular Plant
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomPlantae
PhylumAnthophyta
ClassDicotyledoneae
OrderRosales
FamilyRosaceae
GenusDasiphora
Other Common Names
Potentille frutescente (FR) Shrubby-cinquefoil (EN) shrubby-cinquefoil (EN)
Concept Reference
Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Taxonomic Comments
Kartesz (1999) treats plants within the range of the Synthesis as Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda. FNA (vol. 9, 2014) lumps subspecific taxa.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2024-07-15
Change Date2004-05-11
Edition Date2024-07-15
Edition AuthorsEberly (2024)
Threat ImpactUnknown
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences> 300
Rank Reasons
Dasiphora fruticosa is a wide ranging shrub of the northern hemisphere with hundreds of occurrences, broad habitat preferences, and abundant habitat.
Range Extent Comments
Dasiphora fruticosa occurs throughout the northern hemisphere in subarctic and cool temperate regions of Canada, the western and northern USA, and Eurasia. It is introduced in Austria, Belarus, Central European Russia, Germany, Norway (POWO 2024). Range extent was estimated using herbarium specimens and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024 (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Occurrences Comments
By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium records and photo-based observations documented between 1993 and 2024, there are over 300 occurrences estimated (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024).
Threat Impact Comments
Although threats are not widely documented, Dasiphora fruticosa is potentially threatened by development, road maintenance, invasive species, and other threats in some places. However, their overall impact is likely negligible given the species' broad range, large number of occurrences, tolerance of light disturbance, and affinity for typically abundant habitats.
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

This species occurs in a variety of habitats across a wide range of elevations (0-3,600 m). It can be found growing on "sandy to gravelly shores, flats and rocky slopes, on ledges and bluffs in conifer and deciduous woodlands, meadows, or fens, alpine woodlands and meadows (FNA 2014b)."
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodGrassland/herbaceousAlpineBare rock/talus/screeCliff
Palustrine Habitats
Bog/fen
Other Nations (2)
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
OregonSNRYes
ArizonaSNRYes
IowaSNRYes
WyomingS4Yes
OhioSNRYes
North DakotaSNRYes
CaliforniaSNRYes
MichiganSNRYes
WisconsinSNRYes
New HampshireSNRYes
IndianaSNRYes
AlaskaSNRYes
MontanaSNRYes
New YorkSNRYes
MinnesotaSNRYes
ConnecticutSNRYes
MaineSNRYes
IdahoSNRYes
IllinoisSNRYes
NevadaS3Yes
ColoradoS5Yes
VermontS5Yes
PennsylvaniaSNRYes
New JerseySNRYes
New MexicoSNRYes
UtahSNRYes
South DakotaSNRYes
MassachusettsSNRYes
WashingtonSNRYes
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
Prince Edward IslandS1Yes
Northwest TerritoriesS5Yes
Yukon TerritoryS5Yes
AlbertaS5Yes
Island of NewfoundlandS4Yes
NunavutS4Yes
OntarioS5Yes
ManitobaS5Yes
SaskatchewanS4Yes
QuebecS5Yes
LabradorS3Yes
New BrunswickS4Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
Nova ScotiaS4Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
Unknown/undeterminedUnknownUnknownUnknown

—

Plant Characteristics
DurationPERENNIAL
Economic Value (Genus)No
Roadless Areas (338)
Alaska (16)
AreaForestAcres
Boston BarChugach National Forest53,617
Chugach-12Chugach National Forest8,116
Chugach-13Chugach National Forest13,337
College FiordChugach National Forest1,130,818
Fidalgo-GravinaChugach National Forest257,968
Johnson PassChugach National Forest152,508
Juneau-Skagway IcefieldTongass National Forest1,187,268
Kenai LakeChugach National Forest213,172
Kenai MountainsChugach National Forest306,600
MadanTongass National Forest68,553
Nellie JuanChugach National Forest713,697
ResurrectionChugach National Forest224,615
RhineTongass National Forest23,010
Roaded DonutChugach National Forest968
Sheridan GlacierChugach National Forest224,683
Taku-SnettishamTongass National Forest664,928
Arizona (1)
AreaForestAcres
Black River CanyonApache-Sitgreaves National Forests11,817
California (36)
AreaForestAcres
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
EbbettsHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest255
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
HortonInyo National Forest5,717
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
NessieInyo National Forest830
Nevahbe RidgeInyo National Forest302
North LakeInyo National Forest2,406
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Sweetwater (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,241
TinemahaInyo National Forest27,060
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
Wild Horse Mtn. (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest28,822
Colorado (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
Red TableWhite River NF39,122
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Idaho (13)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
Boulder - White CloudsSawtooth National Forest322,653
Boulder - White CloudsSalmon-Challis National Forest139,297
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (65)
AreaForestAcres
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Anderson MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,501
Basin CreekBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest9,500
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
BeartoothGallatin National Forest5,285
Big BaldyLewis and Clark National Forest43,135
Big LogHelena National Forest8,954
Big Snowy Mountains WsaLewis and Clark National Forest88,003
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Burnt MountainCuster National Forest10,698
Cabin Creek Wildlife Management Area OcdGallatin National Forest35,048
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Cattle GulchBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest19,390
Chippewa #682Kootenai National Forest1,262
Crazy MountainGallatin National Forest82,093
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
ElkhornHelena National Forest75,468
Fishtail SaddlebackCuster National Forest16,359
FleecerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,585
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
HolterHelena National Forest1,965
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Italian PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest90,401
Lazyman GulchHelena National Forest11,614
Line Creek PlateauCuster National Forest24,825
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Marston Face # 172Kootenai National Forest9,098
Meadow Creek - Upper North ForkLolo National Forest6,906
Middle Fork Judith WsaLewis and Clark National Forest81,131
Middle Mtn. / Tobacco RootsBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest96,487
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest52,227
North CarpBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest6,600
Patricks Knob - North CutoffLolo National Forest16,970
Pilgrim CreekLewis and Clark National Forest44,608
Proposed Line Creek PrnaCuster National Forest389
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
ReefGallatin National Forest2,500
Rock CreekCuster National Forest100
SapphiresBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest66,619
Scotchman Peaks (MT)Kootenai National Forest53,909
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Snowcrest MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,649
South Siegel - South CutoffLolo National Forest13,474
Stevens PeakLolo National Forest647
Stony MountainBitterroot National Forest44,057
Storm LakeBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest9,324
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Ten Lakes #683Kootenai National Forest48,545
Tenderfoot - Deep CreekLewis and Clark National Forest85,614
Thompson Seton RA 1483Flathead National Forest52,235
Upper East ForkBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest8,905
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Willard Estelle #173Kootenai National Forest3,714
Nevada (18)
AreaForestAcres
Arc Dome - OphirHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,652
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Copper Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest31,945
Humboldt - Angel LkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,008
Humboldt - LizziesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest70
Humboldt - WinchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,272
Jarbidge - Coon CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest866
Mt. ArdiveyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest37,984
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Ruby - MarshHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,164
Ruby - SegundaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,532
Ruby - Smith CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,553
Ruby - SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest13,195
Ruby - ThompsonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,289
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
Sweetwater (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,946
Toiyabe RangeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99,225
New Hampshire (2)
AreaForestAcres
Cherry MountainWhite Mountain National Forest8,766
PemigewassetWhite Mountain National Forest32,255
New Mexico (25)
AreaForestAcres
Black CanyonSanta Fe National Forest1,922
Bull - Of - The - WoodsCarson National Forest488
Canada Bonito RNASanta Fe National Forest487
Canjilon Mtn.Carson National Forest7,972
Chama WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest4,168
Columbine - Hondo Wilderness Study AreaCarson National Forest43,739
Comales CanyonCarson National Forest4,389
Cruces BasinCarson National Forest5,244
GallinasSanta Fe National Forest13,208
Grass MountainSanta Fe National Forest3,254
Guaje CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,104
Holy GhostSanta Fe National Forest2,352
Jacks CreekSanta Fe National Forest740
Juan de Gabaldon GrantSanta Fe National Forest8,023
Latir PeakCarson National Forest3,573
Nichols ReservoirSanta Fe National Forest1,518
Oser MesaCarson National Forest2,840
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
San Pedro ParksSanta Fe National Forest5,824
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
Virgin CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,068
West Face Sacramento MountainsLincoln National Forest41,176
Wheeler Peak WildernessCarson National Forest2,677
Willow CreekSanta Fe National Forest1,477
North Dakota (4)
AreaForestAcres
Bullion ButteDakota Prairie Grasslands19,877
Collar / Bennett - CottonwoodDakota Prairie Grasslands19,697
Ponderosa PineDakota Prairie Grasslands7,471
WannaganDakota Prairie Grasslands6,026
Oregon (7)
AreaForestAcres
Bend WatershedDeschutes National Forest14,829
Boulder ParkWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,141
HuckleberryWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,238
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Utah (58)
AreaForestAcres
0401001Ashley National Forest11,705
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401004Ashley National Forest10,510
0401005Ashley National Forest38,930
0401007Ashley National Forest16,483
0401016Ashley National Forest5,695
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418001Uinta National Forest5,697
418002Uinta National Forest19,152
418003Uinta National Forest10,912
418004Uinta National Forest16,661
418009Uinta National Forest18,064
418013Uinta National Forest14,643
418016Uinta National Forest35,240
418017Uinta National Forest19,631
418018Uinta National Forest11,218
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
418043Uinta National Forest9,493
Big Bear CreekManti-Lasal National Forest28,440
Boulder Mtn. / Boulder Top / Deer LakeDixie National Forest110,690
Boulger - Black CanyonManti-Lasal National Forest23,286
Box - Death HollowDixie National Forest3,175
Bunker CreekDixie National Forest7,474
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Capital ReefDixie National Forest763
Clarkston Mtn.Caribou National Forest7,099
Dark ValleyDixie National Forest27,481
East MountainManti-Lasal National Forest30,705
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
Fishlake MountainFishlake National Forest25,217
GibsonWasatch-Cache National Forest5,350
HancockDixie National Forest9,809
Happy ValleyDixie National Forest14,458
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
Hilgard MountainFishlake National Forest28,389
Horse Mountain - Mans PeakManti-Lasal National Forest22,159
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lava BedsDixie National Forest14,944
Little CreekFishlake National Forest11,479
Little West Fork BlacksWasatch-Cache National Forest8,209
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Long Neck Mesa / Steep Creek / Oak Creek - Steep Creek / OakDixie National Forest55,489
Mcgath Lake - Auger HoleDixie National Forest8,334
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
Mt. ArvineFishlake National Forest6,054
MytogeFishlake National Forest8,286
NoblettsWasatch-Cache National Forest3,116
Red Canyon NorthDixie National Forest9,973
Signal PeakFishlake National Forest30,889
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Swan Creek MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest9,390
Table Cliffs - Henderson CanyonDixie National Forest19,581
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Vermont (4)
AreaForestAcres
Devil's Den 09083Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests9,169
Griffith Lake 09084Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,833
Lye Brook Addition 09085Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,111
Wilder Mountain 09082Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests8,759
Washington (25)
AreaForestAcres
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
Boulder RiverMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest32,563
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
Glacier Peak JMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest26,482
Glacier Peak KMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest47,269
Glacier Peak LMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,084
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Green MountainOlympic National Forest4,617
Liberty BellOkanogan National Forest108,495
Long SwampOkanogan National Forest66,344
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. Baker NorthMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest16,873
Mt. Baker WestMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest25,390
Mt. ZionOlympic National Forest3,544
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
PressentinMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,545
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
TeanawayWenatchee National Forest72,849
TiffanyOkanogan National Forest22,045
Wyoming (53)
AreaForestAcres
Bear RocksBighorn National Forest25,023
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
Devils CanyonBighorn National Forest37,416
East Fork EncampmentMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,445
Encampment River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest4,996
Franc's PeakShoshone National Forest68,561
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Gannett Hills - Spring CreekBridger-Teton National Forest45,462
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Grommund CreekBighorn National Forest12,089
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Headwaters Sunlight CreekShoshone National Forest6,016
Horse Creek MesaBighorn National Forest77,808
Illinois CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,711
Lake Alice - Commissary RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest166,707
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Little GooseBighorn National Forest25,558
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Little SnakeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest9,920
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Monument RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest17,720
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Piney CreekBighorn National Forest22,240
Piney PassShoshone National Forest3,356
Platte River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,962
ReefShoshone National Forest16,817
Rock CreekBighorn National Forest48,657
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sheridan PassShoshone National Forest8,394
Sibley LakeBighorn National Forest10,367
Sleeping GiantShoshone National Forest5,176
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
South ForkShoshone National Forest64,903
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Sulphur CreekShoshone National Forest30,221
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Walker PrairieBighorn National Forest62,434
Wapiti Valley NorthShoshone National Forest18,345
Warm Spring CreekShoshone National Forest6,216
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
Windy MountainShoshone National Forest31,283
Wood RiverShoshone National Forest50,638
References (8)
  1. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2014b. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 9. Magnoliophyta: Picramniaceae to Rosaceae. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 713 pp.
  2. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).
  3. iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).
  4. Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  5. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First edition. In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, N.C.
  6. NatureServe. 2024. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.
  7. Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2024. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Online. Available: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 2024).
  8. Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).