Odocoileus hemionus

(Rafinesque, 1817)

Mule Deer

G5Secure Found in 937 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
PSESA Status
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101365
Element CodeAMALC02010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassMammalia
OrderArtiodactyla
FamilyCervidae
GenusOdocoileus
USESAPS
Other Common Names
Black-tailed Deer (EN) Cerf mulet (FR)
Concept Reference
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-04
Change Date1996-11-19
Edition Date2011-08-22
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G.
Range Extent>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)
Range Extent Comments
Native range extends from southeastern Alaska south through Canada and most of the western United States and Great Plains, to Baja California (including some islands in the Sea of Cortez) and the southern end of the Mexican Plateau (Sonora and northern Tamaulipas, according to Grubb, in Wilson and Reeder 1993). The species has been introduced in Hawaii (Tomich 1986) and Argentina.
Threat Impact Comments
Extensive, intensive land use by humans can reduce, eliminate, or displace local mule deer populations, but many kinds of human activities, particularly those that generate patches of early successional growth in heavily forested areas, may improve the habitat for deer. Grazing/browsing by domestic sheep in dry environments reduces the capacity of the habitat to support deer (e.g., see Hall 1946).

Grinnell (1914) suggested that an absence or extreme scarcity of mule deer along part of the lower Colorado River (Arizona-California) probably was due to "rapid settlement of the river bottom." Presumably this involved habitat loss as well as excessive hunting (Grinnell suggested that hunting by miners eliminated bighorn sheep from Riverside Mountain, also along the lower Colorado River).

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissable spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, and moose. It is caused by infectious agents known as prions (an abnormal form of a normal protein). Symptoms include lesions on the central nervous system, behavioral abnormalities, and, most obviously, chronic weight loss.CWD is always fatal. First recognized in captive mule deer in Colorado, CWD now occurs in the wild and has spread to at least dozen states and two Canadian provinces. It may be spread from one animal to another via saliva, feces, or possibly other body fluids. CWD does not cause rapid, widespread die-offs of deer, but there is concern about the long-term effects of the disease. No practical methods of CWD eradication are known; the focus thus far has been on learning more about CWD and how it is transmitted, and on preventing the disease from spreading by banning the transportation of live cervids across state lines.
Ecology & Habitat

Description

Pelage is reddish or yellowish brown in summer, more grayish brown in winter. Ears are large and may move independently. Males have antlers that branch into separate equal beams that fork into two tines (white-tailed deer has only one main beam). Upper side of tail white with a black tip or all black or brown. Juveniles have spotted pelage.

Habitat

Mule deer occupy many types of habitats in mountains and lowlands, including various forests and woodlands, forest edges, shrublands, grasslands with shrubs, and residential areas. They are often associated with successional vegetation, especially near agricultural lands, but in southeastern Alaska they use old growth forests almost exclusively in winter and spring (Schoen and Kirchhoff 1990). Mule deer are scarce or absent in portions of the Mohave and Sonoran deserts, particularly where permanent water is absent during the summer dry season (Rautenstrauch and Krausman 1989). In southern Arizona, mean distance of mule deer from permanent water in July was less than 3 km (most females averaged less than 2 km) (Hervert and Krausman 1986); in early and late summer mule deer averaged 1.1-1.2 km from permanent water (compared to about 1.3 km for random locations) (Ordway and Krausman 1986). In winter, mule deer tend to be on warmer slopes or other areas with minimal snow cover. Snow depth in excess of 25-30 cm can impede movement, and snow depths greater than 51-60 cm discourage continuous occupation (Loveless 1967, Gilbert et al. 1970). Populations in Hawaii occur in moderately dry native and introduced forest.

In Nevada, mule deer inhabit most areas above the Lower Sonoran Life-zone; Hall (1946) observed that areas heavily grazed by domestic sheep have far fewer deer than those utilized only by cattle (possibly a result of competition for browse).

In northern Arizona, mule deer live in areas vegetated by yellow pine, buckbrush, snowberry, and aspen; elsehere in Arizona they inhabit chaparral and more xeric habitats, except those in the far southwestern portion of the state (Hoffmeister 1986). Deer that occur in yellow pine and spruce-fir habitats in spring and summer migrate to lower elevations (pinyon-juniper) for winter (Hoffmeister 1986).

In southern Arizona, mule deer used and preferred mountainous vegetative associations, but males also used nonmountainous associations (Ordway and Krausman 1986).

A survey along the lower Colorado River (California-Arizona border) in 1910 yielded no evidence at all of mule deer, but in earlier years deer apparently were numerous "both in the river bottom and back through certain desert ranges, where there are springs which the deer could visit regularly for water" (Grinnell 1914). In 1902 deer were said to be common on both sides of the river near Cibola (Grinnell 1914).

Ecology

Home range size may be 30-240 hectares or more; directly correlated with availability of food, water and cover. Deep winter snows are major factor limiting population size in Pacific Northwest (Schoen and Kirchhoff 1990). Predators include: mountain lions; coyotes; dogs.

See Hatter and Janz (1994) for information on apparent demographic changes associated with wolf control on northern Vancouver Island.

Mule deer males use glands on their forehead to apply scent marks to trees. These scent posts communicate the presence and physiological status of the deer and seem to be important in the social and reproductive biology of the species.

Reproduction

Mule deer mate in autumn, often mainly late November to mid-December. Gestation lasts about 203 days Births occur in late spring, mostly in May-June in much of the range, sometimes as late as July or August. Litter size is 1-2, depending on age and condition of female. Fawns are born with spotted pelage and initially stay hidden. They lose their spots generally by late summer or early fall. Weaning begins at about 5 weeks, usually completed by 16 weeks. Males usually first breed at 2 years, males at 3-4 years.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralSavannaGrassland/herbaceousOld fieldDesertCropland/hedgerowSuburban/orchard
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
British ColumbiaS5Yes
ManitobaS3Yes
SaskatchewanS4Yes
AlbertaS5Yes
Yukon TerritoryS3Yes
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
OregonS5Yes
South DakotaS5Yes
OklahomaS3Yes
UtahS5Yes
NebraskaS5Yes
NevadaS5Yes
ColoradoS4Yes
ArizonaS5Yes
TexasS4Yes
North DakotaSNRYes
WashingtonS5Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
KansasS5Yes
WyomingS5Yes
MontanaS4Yes
AlaskaS4Yes
IdahoS4Yes
Navajo NationS5Yes
New MexicoS5Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasHigh (continuing)
2 - Agriculture & aquacultureHigh (continuing)
2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber cropsHigh (continuing)
2.2 - Wood & pulp plantationsHigh (continuing)
2.3 - Livestock farming & ranchingHigh (continuing)
5 - Biological resource useHigh (continuing)
5.4 - Fishing & harvesting aquatic resourcesHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsHigh (continuing)
7.3 - Other ecosystem modificationsHigh (continuing)

Roadless Areas (937)
Alaska (74)
AreaForestAcres
AaronTongass National Forest78,719
AnanTongass National Forest36,666
Bay of PillarsTongass National Forest27,492
Behm IslandsTongass National Forest4,777
CalderTongass National Forest9,857
Central WrangellTongass National Forest13,397
ChichagofTongass National Forest555,858
Chilkat-West Lynn CanalTongass National Forest199,772
Chugach-12Chugach National Forest8,116
Chugach-13Chugach National Forest13,337
Chugach-8Chugach National Forest21,559
ClevelandTongass National Forest189,447
College FiordChugach National Forest1,130,818
Copper River WetlandsChugach National Forest85,972
CrystalTongass National Forest18,972
Douglas IslandTongass National Forest28,065
East MitkofTongass National Forest8,795
East WrangellTongass National Forest7,630
East ZaremboTongass National Forest10,847
El CapitanTongass National Forest26,693
EudoraTongass National Forest195,022
Fidalgo-GravinaChugach National Forest257,968
Five MileTongass National Forest19,459
Freshwater BayTongass National Forest44,933
Game CreekTongass National Forest54,469
GravinaTongass National Forest37,381
Greens CreekTongass National Forest27,177
HardingTongass National Forest174,349
Hoonah SoundTongass National Forest79,764
Juneau UrbanTongass National Forest101,581
Juneau-Skagway IcefieldTongass National Forest1,187,268
KartaTongass National Forest52,117
KekuTongass National Forest10,869
KogishTongass National Forest65,216
KosciuskoTongass National Forest64,134
LindenbergTongass National Forest25,855
MadanTongass National Forest68,553
Mansfield PeninsulaTongass National Forest54,991
ManzanitaTongass National Forest8,401
Middle KruzofTongass National Forest14,724
Nellie JuanChugach National Forest713,697
North BaranofTongass National Forest314,089
North EtolinTongass National Forest40,993
North KruzofTongass National Forest33,146
North KupreanofTongass National Forest114,660
North RevillaTongass National Forest215,430
North WrangellTongass National Forest8,091
Pavlof-East PointTongass National Forest5,399
Point AugustaTongass National Forest15,482
Point CravenTongass National Forest10,906
Port AlexanderTongass National Forest120,681
Prince William Sound Is.Chugach National Forest118,698
RedoubtTongass National Forest68,347
RevillaTongass National Forest29,298
RhineTongass National Forest23,010
Rocky PassTongass National Forest78,163
Salmon BayTongass National Forest22,793
SarkarTongass National Forest51,908
Sheridan GlacierChugach National Forest224,683
Sitka SoundTongass National Forest13,459
Sitka UrbanTongass National Forest112,003
Soda BayTongass National Forest78,091
South EtolinTongass National Forest26,293
South KruzofTongass National Forest55,193
South RevillaTongass National Forest52,105
Southeast WrangellTongass National Forest18,377
Taku-SnettishamTongass National Forest664,928
Tenakee RidgeTongass National Forest20,527
Thorne RiverTongass National Forest72,983
Twenty MileChugach National Forest198,775
Upper SitukTongass National Forest16,789
West WrangellTongass National Forest10,291
WoronkofskiTongass National Forest11,114
Yakutat ForelandsTongass National Forest323,648
Arizona (26)
AreaForestAcres
Big RidgeKaibab National Forest9,087
Black CanyonPrescott National Forest10,683
Black River CanyonApache-Sitgreaves National Forests11,817
BoulderTonto National Forest40,359
Burro CanyonKaibab National Forest19,928
Cdo WsaCoronado National Forest1,955
ChiricahuaCoronado National Forest76,876
Coconino RimKaibab National Forest7,213
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
Happy ValleyCoronado National Forest7,972
HellsgateTonto National Forest6,171
Hot AirApache-Sitgreaves National Forests31,712
Lime CreekTonto National Forest42,568
Lower RinconCoronado National Forest3,278
Lower San FranciscoApache-Sitgreaves National Forests59,310
MazatzalTonto National Forest16,942
Oracle RoadlessCoronado National Forest22,365
PipestemApache-Sitgreaves National Forests34,598
Red PointKaibab National Forest7,139
Salt HouseApache-Sitgreaves National Forests21,848
Santa TeresaCoronado National Forest8,929
Sierra Ancha Wilderness ContiguousTonto National Forest7,787
TumacacoriCoronado National Forest44,594
WhetstoneCoronado National Forest20,728
Willis CanyonKaibab National Forest9,688
California (249)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
AntimonyLos Padres National Forest40,911
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
BackboneShasta-Trinity National Forest11,466
Barker ValleyCleveland National Forest11,940
Barney RileyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest8,083
Bear Camp FlatModoc National Forest2,471
Bear MountainLos Padres National Forest913
Bell MeadowStanislaus National Forest7,968
Bell QuinbyShasta-Trinity National Forest11,556
Benton RangeInyo National Forest9,637
Birch CreekInyo National Forest28,816
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black CanyonInyo National Forest32,421
Black CinderLassen National Forest239
Black MountainLos Padres National Forest16,818
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Blue Creek Rare ISix Rivers National Forest12,134
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Boundary Peak (CA)Inyo National Forest210,884
Bucks LakePlumas National Forest680
Butt Mtn.Lassen National Forest8,217
Cactus Springs BSan Bernardino National Forest3,106
Cahuilla MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,952
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
CalienteCleveland National Forest5,953
Callahan FlowKlamath National Forest3,231
Callahan FlowModoc National Forest6,618
CamuesaLos Padres National Forest8,209
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
Chalk PeakLos Padres National Forest7,472
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
Cherry LakeStanislaus National Forest1,106
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
ChinquapinShasta-Trinity National Forest22,040
Chips CreekLassen National Forest29,089
Chips CreekPlumas National Forest12,940
Circle MountainSan Bernardino National Forest6,375
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
Cow CreekSix Rivers National Forest1,271
Coyote NorthInyo National Forest11,932
Coyote SoutheastInyo National Forest53,159
Crane Mtn.Modoc National Forest1,269
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cub CreekLassen National Forest8,643
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cucamonga CSan Bernardino National Forest4,106
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Damon ButteModoc National Forest25,022
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devils RockShasta-Trinity National Forest16,209
Dexter CanyonInyo National Forest17,053
DiableLos Padres National Forest19,597
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
Dobie FlatModoc National Forest15,079
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
DryModoc National Forest7,726
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
Duncan CanyonTahoe National Forest8,621
EagleShasta-Trinity National Forest6,553
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
East ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest6,201
East GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest27,894
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
EbbettsHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest255
Elk CreekMendocino National Forest23,182
Excelsior (CA)Inyo National Forest45,607
FalesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,138
Ferguson RidgeSierra National Forest6,104
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Fisher Gulch BShasta-Trinity National Forest4,791
Fox MountainLos Padres National Forest52,072
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Greenhorn CreekSequoia National Forest28,226
GriderKlamath National Forest10,647
GrindstoneMendocino National Forest26,031
Grizzly PeakPlumas National Forest6,222
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Heartbreak RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest4,455
Hixon FlatSan Bernardino National Forest8,095
Hoover - Emma LakeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,007
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Twin LakesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest102
Hoover - Valley RidgeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest564
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Creek RidgeSan Bernardino National Forest8,969
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
Horseshoe SpringsLos Padres National Forest14,089
HortonInyo National Forest5,717
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
IshiLassen National Forest21,805
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
JohnsonKlamath National Forest10,652
JuncalLos Padres National Forest12,289
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
KellySix Rivers National Forest5,195
KelseyKlamath National Forest3,237
Kettle Mtn.Shasta-Trinity National Forest4,589
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Knox Mtn.Modoc National Forest5,975
La BreaLos Padres National Forest14,031
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
Lakes BasinTahoe National Forest557
LavasModoc National Forest25,864
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Long MeadowHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,967
Lpoor CanyonLos Padres National Forest13,762
Magic MountainAngeles National Forest15,542
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
ManzanaLos Padres National Forest2,101
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
MayfieldLassen National Forest14,444
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle YubaTahoe National Forest7,379
MillModoc National Forest321
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
MonarchSierra National Forest697
Monkey CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,017
MonoLos Padres National Forest28,141
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. RaymondSierra National Forest6,965
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. HoffmanModoc National Forest9,780
Mt. LassicSix Rivers National Forest6,643
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. RebaStanislaus National Forest3,869
Mt. Shasta AShasta-Trinity National Forest676
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
Mt. VidaModoc National Forest7,771
Nevahbe RidgeInyo National Forest302
NightStanislaus National Forest3,173
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork Middle Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest11,245
North Fork SmithSix Rivers National Forest37,898
North LakeInyo National Forest2,406
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Onion SpringsLassen National Forest2,421
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Orleans Mtn. BSix Rivers National Forest17,183
Orleans Mtn. CSix Rivers National Forest15,589
PaiuteInyo National Forest58,712
PantherShasta-Trinity National Forest12,016
ParsnipModoc National Forest8,485
PattisonShasta-Trinity National Forest29,299
Pine CreekCleveland National Forest503
Pleasant ViewAngeles National Forest26,395
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
Polk SpringsLassen National Forest9,466
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
QuatalLos Padres National Forest7,253
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raywood Flat BSan Bernardino National Forest11,373
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Robinson PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,835
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
Rouse HillSan Bernardino National Forest13,745
RussianKlamath National Forest21,771
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
San DimasAngeles National Forest7,160
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
San JoaquinSierra National Forest22,474
San SevaineSan Bernardino National Forest6,866
Santa CruzLos Padres National Forest21,182
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
ShacklefordKlamath National Forest1,679
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
SherwinInyo National Forest3,140
Ship MountainSix Rivers National Forest11,936
Sill HillCleveland National Forest5,294
Silver HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,423
SinkardHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,004
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Siskiyou BSix Rivers National Forest18,871
Skeleton GladeMendocino National Forest9,237
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
SnoozerKlamath National Forest23,414
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
Soldier CanyonInyo National Forest40,589
SoliderSix Rivers National Forest14,918
South ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest16,786
South SierraSequoia National Forest8,008
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
Sweetwater (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,241
Table Mtn.Inyo National Forest4,215
Tepusquet PeakLos Padres National Forest5,821
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
ThatcherMendocino National Forest16,652
Thomes CreekMendocino National Forest16,616
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
TinemahaInyo National Forest27,060
Tioga LakeInyo National Forest829
Tom MartinKlamath National Forest9,031
TrabucoCleveland National Forest23,341
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Trail LakeLassen National Forest1,124
Trumbull PeakStanislaus National Forest6,164
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
Weaver BallyShasta-Trinity National Forest829
West ForkAngeles National Forest1,169
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
West YubaPlumas National Forest6,071
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
Whisky CreekInyo National Forest865
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
Wild Cattle MtnLassen National Forest4,965
Wild Horse Mtn. (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest28,822
Wilderness ContiguousMendocino National Forest3,606
WildhorseCleveland National Forest1,483
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
WoodpeckerSequoia National Forest11,936
WoolstaffSequoia National Forest41,445
Colorado (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bristol HeadRio Grande NF46,087
Comanche Peak Adjacent AreaArapaho & Roosevelt NFs44,158
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Pole Mountain / Finger MesaRio Grande NF43,863
Red TableWhite River NF39,122
San MiguelSan Juan NF64,263
Storm PeakSan Juan NF57,617
Idaho (14)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
Bighorn - WeitasNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest254,845
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
Boulder - White CloudsSalmon-Challis National Forest139,297
Boulder - White CloudsSawtooth National Forest322,653
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
Lemhi RangeSalmon-Challis National Forest308,533
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (69)
AreaForestAcres
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Anaconda HillHelena National Forest18,546
Basin CreekBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest9,500
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanHelena National Forest51,360
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
BeartoothGallatin National Forest5,285
Big BaldyLewis and Clark National Forest43,135
Big LogHelena National Forest8,954
Big Snowy Mountains WsaLewis and Clark National Forest88,003
Black ButteBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest39,160
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Burnt MountainCuster National Forest10,698
Cabin Creek Wildlife Management Area OcdGallatin National Forest35,048
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Chico PeakGallatin National Forest10,744
Crazy MountainGallatin National Forest82,093
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
East PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest145,082
ElkhornHelena National Forest75,468
Fishtail SaddlebackCuster National Forest16,359
Flagstaff Mountain #690Kootenai National Forest11,114
FleecerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest31,585
Freezeout MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,305
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
Gold Hill West #176Kootenai National Forest15,079
Hellgate GulchHelena National Forest16,821
HolterHelena National Forest1,965
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Italian PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest90,401
Lazyman GulchHelena National Forest11,614
Line Creek PlateauCuster National Forest24,825
LionheadGallatin National Forest33,549
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Marston Face # 172Kootenai National Forest9,098
Middle Fork Judith WsaLewis and Clark National Forest81,131
Middle Mtn. / Tobacco RootsBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest96,487
Mt. BushnellLolo National Forest41,798
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest52,227
Proposed Line Creek PrnaCuster National Forest389
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Red Lodge Creek HellroaringCuster National Forest17,210
ReefGallatin National Forest2,500
Republic MountainGallatin National Forest836
SapphireBitterroot National Forest43,303
SapphiresBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest66,619
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingLolo National Forest12,816
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Snowcrest MountainBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest97,649
South Siegel - South CutoffLolo National Forest13,474
Specimen CreekHelena National Forest12,368
Standard Peak Ra 1129Flathead National Forest8,262
Stony MountainBitterroot National Forest44,057
Stony MountainLolo National Forest32,796
Sundance RidgeLolo National Forest7,558
Tash PeakBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest61,312
Teepee - Spring CreekLolo National Forest13,902
Tenderfoot - Deep CreekLewis and Clark National Forest85,614
Upper East ForkBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest8,905
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
West PioneerBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest248,631
Nevada (80)
AreaForestAcres
Alta T - East BHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest21,732
Alta T - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,325
Angel Peak NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,577
Angel Peak SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,540
Arc Dome - CarversHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,846
Arc Dome - PabloHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99
Arc Dome - Secret BsnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest74,782
Bald Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest41,598
Black SpringHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,016
Boundary Peak (NV)Inyo National Forest21,851
Bunker HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,569
ButlerHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest39,470
Cave CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,145
Charleston - CarpenterHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest17,828
Charleston - Macks CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,378
Circle WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest8,787
CooperHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,889
Copper Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest31,945
Currant - East SlopeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,101
Devils Gate (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,485
Duck Creek Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest12,165
Fourmile HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,718
Georges CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest108,551
Grant - Cherry CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest160
Grant - WadsworthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest610
Humboldt - SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,152
Indian CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,996
Iron SpringHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest36,737
Jarbidge - Biroth RdgHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,887
Jarbidge - Person CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,187
Jarbidge - West ForkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,725
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
Lower TerraceHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest992
Moriah - Big CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest722
Moriah - Silver CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,582
Moriah - West SlopeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest14,737
Mt. ArdiveyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest37,984
Mystic (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,644
North SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest30,773
Pearl PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest71,405
Pine Grove SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest88,945
Pogonip RidgeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,629
PotosiHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,145
QuinnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest62,459
Rose - Alum CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest853
Rose - Davis Mdw.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,361
Rose - Dutch LouieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest363
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - Hunter WestHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest80
Rose - NortheastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest550
Rose - VerdiHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,155
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Ruby - MarshHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,164
Ruby - Secret Pk.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,749
Ruby - SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest13,195
Ruby - ThompsonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,289
Sam's CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest11,869
Santa RosaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54,555
ShellbackHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest36,455
Snake - Big WashHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,146
Snake - ChokecherryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest30,845
Snake - HatcheryHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,627
Snake - Peacock CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,069
Snake - Pole CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest766
South Fork QuinnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest40,535
South SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest125,614
Stirling - Clark BHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest741
Table Mtn. - EastHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest87,789
Toiyabe RangeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99,225
Toquima CaveHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest43,147
Ward MountainHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,927
Warm SpringsHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest29,540
Wellington HillsHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest21,009
West SchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest21,656
West Silver CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,028
West Walker (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,683
White Pine Mtn.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest25,244
WileyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest6,864
New Mexico (53)
AreaForestAcres
Alamo CanyonSanta Fe National Forest8,639
Apache Kid ContiguousCibola National Forest67,542
Apache MountainGila National Forest17,506
Aspen MountainGila National Forest23,784
Black CanyonSanta Fe National Forest1,922
Bull CanyonCarson National Forest11,512
CajaSanta Fe National Forest5,304
Canada Bonito RNASanta Fe National Forest487
Candian RiverCibola National Forest7,149
Canjilon Mtn.Carson National Forest7,972
Capitan MountainsLincoln National Forest14,069
Carrizo MountainLincoln National Forest17,280
Chama WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest4,168
Columbine - Hondo Wilderness Study AreaCarson National Forest43,739
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Contiguous To Gila Wilderness & Primitive AreaGila National Forest79,049
Devils CreekGila National Forest89,916
Eagle PeakGila National Forest34,016
GallinasSanta Fe National Forest13,208
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
Goat SpringCibola National Forest5,755
Grass MountainSanta Fe National Forest3,254
Guaje CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,104
Holy GhostSanta Fe National Forest2,352
Jacks CreekSanta Fe National Forest740
Jefferies CanyonLincoln National Forest8,934
Juan de Gabaldon GrantSanta Fe National Forest8,023
Last Chance CanyonLincoln National Forest8,934
Latir PeakCarson National Forest3,573
Little Dog And Pup CanyonsLincoln National Forest25,412
Little TesuqueSanta Fe National Forest815
Lower San FranciscoGila National Forest26,460
McClure ReservoirSanta Fe National Forest375
Meadow CreekGila National Forest34,167
Nichols ReservoirSanta Fe National Forest1,518
North Rocky CanyonLincoln National Forest8,068
Ortega PeakLincoln National Forest11,545
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
Pecos WS RiverSanta Fe National Forest5,396
Peloncillo (NM)Coronado National Forest43,339
RendijaSanta Fe National Forest2,176
Ryan HillCibola National Forest34,201
San JoseCibola National Forest16,950
Sawyers PeakGila National Forest59,743
South Guadalupe MountainsLincoln National Forest20,930
Taylor CreekGila National Forest16,639
Tesuque CreekSanta Fe National Forest810
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
Tucson MountainLincoln National Forest16,905
Virgin CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,068
West Face Sacramento MountainsLincoln National Forest41,176
Wheeler Peak WildernessCarson National Forest2,677
Willow CreekSanta Fe National Forest1,477
North Dakota (7)
AreaForestAcres
Collar / Bennett - CottonwoodDakota Prairie Grasslands19,697
Dawsons WaterholeDakota Prairie Grasslands6,087
Long X DivideDakota Prairie Grasslands10,099
MagpieDakota Prairie Grasslands21,281
Tracy MountainDakota Prairie Grasslands9,756
Twin ButtesDakota Prairie Grasslands13,492
WannaganDakota Prairie Grasslands6,026
Oregon (84)
AreaForestAcres
BearwallowsDeschutes National Forest7,317
Bend WatershedDeschutes National Forest14,829
Brown Mt.Winema National Forest3,117
BuckhornWallowa-Whitman National Forest17,180
Bull Of The WoodsMt. Hood National Forest8,843
Calf - Copeland CreekUmpqua National Forest15,696
Coleman RimFremont National Forest10,638
Cottonwood CreekOchoco National Forest9,934
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
DeadhorseWallowa-Whitman National Forest10,690
Deadhorse RimFremont National Forest13,496
DoneganUmpqua National Forest5,914
Drake - McdowellFremont National Forest5,767
Drift CreekSiuslaw National Forest6,333
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
FairviewUmpqua National Forest7,417
French Pete (a)Willamette National Forest1,668
Gold CreekWillamette National Forest1,364
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
Grande RondeUmatilla National Forest12,296
Grande RondeWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,650
Green MountainOchoco National Forest6,613
Greenhorn MountainMalheur National Forest15,936
Greenhorn Mtn.Umatilla National Forest11,191
Hardesty MountainUmpqua National Forest2,597
Hardesty MountainWillamette National Forest3,754
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
HuckleberryWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,238
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
Jackson Creek AppendageUmpqua National Forest4,673
Jaussaud CorralUmatilla National Forest5,535
Joseph CanyonWallowa-Whitman National Forest24,288
LakeMt. Hood National Forest1,327
Lake ForkWallowa-Whitman National Forest21,936
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Limpy RockUmpqua National Forest6,782
Little SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,238
LookingglassUmatilla National Forest4,859
Lookout MountainOchoco National Forest14,115
Lord Flat Somers PointWallowa-Whitman National Forest67,738
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
Maiden PeakDeschutes National Forest26,432
Marble PointWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,874
Mcclellan MountainMalheur National Forest21,213
Mclennon MountainWillamette National Forest8,085
Metolius BreaksDeschutes National Forest11,141
Mill Creek Watershed (OR)Umatilla National Forest7,820
Mountain SheepWallowa-Whitman National Forest19,457
Mt. EmilyWallowa-Whitman National Forest8,421
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Mt. HagenWillamette National Forest6,406
Mt. Hood AdditionsMt. Hood National Forest13,061
North KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests91,560
North Mt. EmilyUmatilla National Forest4,416
North PaulinaDeschutes National Forest19,670
OlallieMt. Hood National Forest7,607
Roaring RiverWillamette National Forest2,128
Roaring RiverMt. Hood National Forest27,316
Rock CreekOchoco National Forest11,396
Rolling Grounds AppendageUmpqua National Forest1,987
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
Sheep DivideWallowa-Whitman National Forest16,201
SkookumUmatilla National Forest7,704
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
South KalmiopsisSiskiyou National Forests104,477
South PaulinaDeschutes National Forest9,074
TahkenitchSiuslaw National Forest5,799
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Texas ButteUmatilla National Forest6,871
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Umpqua SpitSiuslaw National Forest2,090
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
Upper Grande RondeWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,723
W. BoundaryWinema National Forest2,345
WaldoDeschutes National Forest4,973
Waldo - FujiWillamette National Forest15,273
Waldo - MoolackWillamette National Forest1,183
Walla Walla RiverUmatilla National Forest34,416
West - South BachelorDeschutes National Forest25,994
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Texas (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Utah (136)
AreaForestAcres
0401001Ashley National Forest11,705
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401005Ashley National Forest38,930
0401006Ashley National Forest7,645
0401007Ashley National Forest16,483
0401008Ashley National Forest15,616
0401011Ashley National Forest30,062
0401012Ashley National Forest46,400
0401016Ashley National Forest5,695
0401024Ashley National Forest12,882
0401025Ashley National Forest1,471
0401029Ashley National Forest6,718
0401030Ashley National Forest531
0401031Ashley National Forest7,110
0418033Ashley National Forest24,909
0419020Ashley National Forest355,684
418001Uinta National Forest5,697
418002Uinta National Forest19,152
418003Uinta National Forest10,912
418004Uinta National Forest16,661
418006Uinta National Forest11,714
418007Uinta National Forest6,816
418009Uinta National Forest18,064
418012Uinta National Forest25,758
418013Uinta National Forest14,643
418014Uinta National Forest9,683
418015Uinta National Forest17,289
418016Uinta National Forest35,240
418017Uinta National Forest19,631
418018Uinta National Forest11,218
418019Uinta National Forest6,854
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418026Uinta National Forest14,038
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418028Uinta National Forest34,002
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418031Uinta National Forest18,173
418034Uinta National Forest6,170
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
418042Uinta National Forest7,313
418043Uinta National Forest9,493
418044Uinta National Forest5,495
AtchinsonDixie National Forest17,655
Big Bear CreekManti-Lasal National Forest28,440
Boulder MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest8,852
Boulder Mtn. / Boulder Top / Deer LakeDixie National Forest110,690
Box - Death HollowDixie National Forest3,175
Bullion - DelanoFishlake National Forest14,917
Bunker CreekDixie National Forest7,474
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Capital ReefDixie National Forest763
Casto BluffDixie National Forest87,466
Cedar BenchDixie National Forest8,915
Circleville MountainFishlake National Forest24,142
City CreekFishlake National Forest13,939
Clarkston Mtn.Caribou National Forest7,099
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
Cove CreekFishlake National Forest25,555
Dairy ForkManti-Lasal National Forest30,222
Dark ValleyDixie National Forest27,481
Deer CreekDixie National Forest39,818
East MountainManti-Lasal National Forest30,705
FergusonFishlake National Forest5,690
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
Fishlake MountainFishlake National Forest25,217
Flat CanyonFishlake National Forest8,663
GibsonWasatch-Cache National Forest5,350
HancockDixie National Forest9,809
Happy ValleyDixie National Forest14,458
High Uintas (UT)Wasatch-Cache National Forest102,398
Hilgard MountainFishlake National Forest28,389
HogsbackWasatch-Cache National Forest7,936
Horse Mountain - Mans PeakManti-Lasal National Forest22,159
Horse ValleyDixie National Forest13,624
Joe LottFishlake National Forest19,826
Kane MountainDixie National Forest8,013
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
LangdonFishlake National Forest12,160
Lava BedsDixie National Forest14,944
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Little CreekFishlake National Forest11,479
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Long Neck Mesa / Steep Creek / Oak Creek - Steep Creek / OakDixie National Forest55,489
Lookout PeakFishlake National Forest9,195
Mahogany RangeWasatch-Cache National Forest11,409
Marysvale PeakFishlake National Forest22,624
Mcgath Lake - Auger HoleDixie National Forest8,334
Middle FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,296
Mineral CanyonDixie National Forest8,402
Mollens HollowWasatch-Cache National Forest17,690
Moody WashDixie National Forest31,835
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. Logan WestWasatch-Cache National Forest5,285
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
Muddy Creek - Nelson Mt.Manti-Lasal National Forest59,034
MytogeFishlake National Forest8,286
New Home BenchDixie National Forest10,513
NoblettsWasatch-Cache National Forest3,116
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
North HillsDixie National Forest24,480
North PavantFishlake National Forest53,262
Oak CreekFishlake National Forest54,053
PavantFishlake National Forest42,560
Pine Valley MountainsDixie National Forest57,673
Public GroveWasatch-Cache National Forest6,341
PyramidsFishlake National Forest13,020
Raft RiverSawtooth National Forest23,969
Red Canyon NorthDixie National Forest9,973
Red Canyon SouthDixie National Forest3,736
Right Hand Fork LoganWasatch-Cache National Forest15,023
Rock CanyonDixie National Forest16,457
Rock Creek - Green ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest5,660
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
Shakespeare PointDixie National Forest753
Signal PeakFishlake National Forest30,889
Solomon BasinFishlake National Forest19,963
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
South RimDixie National Forest1,372
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Stoddard MountainDixie National Forest13,165
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Swan Creek MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest9,390
Table Cliffs - Henderson CanyonDixie National Forest19,581
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Thousand Lake MountainFishlake National Forest27,267
Tushar MountainFishlake National Forest39,992
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
Wayne WonderlandFishlake National Forest12,395
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
White MountainFishlake National Forest23,939
White PineWasatch-Cache National Forest1,942
Washington (65)
AreaForestAcres
Abercrombie - HooknoseColville National Forest33,862
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
BangsColville National Forest3,746
Black CanyonOkanogan National Forest9,681
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
Bodie MountainOkanogan National Forest3,941
Bodie MountainColville National Forest2,467
Boulder RiverMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest32,563
BourbonGifford Pinchot National Forest4,512
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
Devils GulchWenatchee National Forest24,419
Dixon MountainGifford Pinchot National Forest6,339
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Glacier Peak BMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest19,328
Glacier Peak JMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest26,482
Glacier Peak KMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest47,269
Glacier Peak LMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest14,084
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Gotchen CreekGifford Pinchot National Forest7,518
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Green MountainOlympic National Forest4,617
Harvey CreekColville National Forest10,140
Higgins MountainMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest13,185
Jackson CreekOkanogan National Forest7,791
Jackson CreekColville National Forest3,003
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Jupiter RidgeOlympic National Forest10,148
Liberty BellOkanogan National Forest108,495
LightningOlympic National Forest7,179
Lion RockWenatchee National Forest4,692
Long SwampOkanogan National Forest66,344
Madison CreekOlympic National Forest1,223
ManastashWenatchee National Forest11,155
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. Baker NorthMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest16,873
Mt. Baker WestMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest25,390
Mt. BaldyOlympic National Forest3,557
Mt. BonaparteOkanogan National Forest10,891
Mt. ZionOlympic National Forest3,544
Myrtle LakeWenatchee National Forest11,133
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Norse PeakWenatchee National Forest10,169
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
ProfanityColville National Forest28,944
QuartzWenatchee National Forest8,550
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
Salmo - Priest CColville National Forest864
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
South QuinaultOlympic National Forest11,081
Stormy Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest32,612
StrawberryGifford Pinchot National Forest5,244
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
TeanawayWenatchee National Forest72,849
Thorp Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest22,717
Twin LakesWenatchee National Forest22,496
Upper SkokomishOlympic National Forest9,311
Upper TucannonUmatilla National Forest12,485
Willow SpringsUmatilla National Forest10,414
Wyoming (69)
AreaForestAcres
0401018Ashley National Forest6,157
0401019Ashley National Forest6,202
0401035Ashley National Forest5,465
0401036Ashley National Forest6,309
Battle CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,890
Bear RocksBighorn National Forest25,023
Beartooth Proposed WildernessShoshone National Forest16,837
Bridger PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,697
Bruce MountainBighorn National Forest5,417
Canyon CreekShoshone National Forest7,530
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
Devils CanyonBighorn National Forest37,416
Dunoir Special Management UnitShoshone National Forest29,719
East DunoirShoshone National Forest3,175
East Fork EncampmentMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,445
Encampment River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest4,996
Franc's PeakShoshone National Forest68,561
French CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest5,928
Gannett Hills - Spring CreekBridger-Teton National Forest45,462
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Grommund CreekBighorn National Forest12,089
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Hazelton PeaksBighorn National Forest10,029
Hideout CreekBighorn National Forest10,096
Horse Creek MesaBighorn National Forest77,808
Illinois CreekMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest6,711
Lake Alice - Commissary RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest166,707
Laramie PeakMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest28,608
Leigh CreekBighorn National Forest19,180
Libby FlatsMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest11,107
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Little GooseBighorn National Forest25,558
Little Sheep MountainBridger-Teton National Forest14,192
Little SnakeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest9,920
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
Middle ForkShoshone National Forest51,772
Monument RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest17,720
Mosquito Lake - Seven LakesBridger-Teton National Forest51,950
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
Pacific Creek - Blackrock CreekBridger-Teton National Forest24,658
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Piney CreekBighorn National Forest22,240
Platte River AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest7,962
ReefShoshone National Forest16,817
Rock CreekBighorn National Forest48,657
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
Savage Run AdditionMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest2,368
Sheep MountainMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest17,626
Sibley LakeBighorn National Forest10,367
Sleeping GiantShoshone National Forest5,176
Snowy RangeMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest29,660
South Beartooth HighwayShoshone National Forest105,570
South ForkShoshone National Forest64,903
South Wyoming RangeBridger-Teton National Forest85,776
Spread Creek - Gros Ventre RiverBridger-Teton National Forest166,097
Sulphur CreekShoshone National Forest30,221
Teton Corridor TrailheadsBridger-Teton National Forest286
Togwotee PassShoshone National Forest7,344
Trout CreekShoshone National Forest44,034
Walker PrairieBighorn National Forest62,434
Wapiti Valley EastShoshone National Forest449
Wapiti Valley NorthShoshone National Forest18,345
Wapiti Valley SouthShoshone National Forest43,517
West DunoirShoshone National Forest2,542
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
West Slope WindsBridger-Teton National Forest143,252
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
Windy MountainShoshone National Forest31,283
References (47)
  1. American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/
  2. Andelt, W. F., K. P. Burnham, and J. A. Manning. 1991. Relative effectiveness of repellents for reducing mule deer damage. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:341-347.
  3. Anderson, A. E., and O. C. Wallmo. 1984. <i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>. Mammalian Species 219:1-9.
  4. Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1-23.
  5. Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf
  6. Caire, W., J. D. Tyler, B. P. Glass, and M. A. Mares. 1989. Mammals of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Oklahoma. 567 pp.
  7. Carr, S. M., and G. A. Hughes. 1993. Direction of introgressive hybridization between species of North American deer (<i>Odocoileus</i>) as inferred from mitochondrial-cytochrome-b sequences. J. Mamm. 74:331-342.
  8. Chapman, J. A., and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. 1982. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
  9. Cronin, M. A. 1991a. Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae). J. Mamm. 72:533-566.
  10. Cronin, M. A. 1991b. Mitochondrial and nuclear genetic relationships of deer (<i>Odocoileus </i>spp.) in western North America. Can. J. Zool. 69:1270-1279.
  11. Cronin, M. A. 1992. Intraspecific variation in mitochondrial DNA of North American cervids. J. Mammalogy 73:70-82.
  12. Cronin, M. A., E. R. Vyse, and D. G. Cameron. 1988. Genetic relationships between mule deer and white-tailed deer in Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:320-328.
  13. Cronin, M. A., M. E. Nelson, and D. F. Pac. 1991. Spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and allozymes among populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer. J. Heredity 82:118-127.
  14. Derr, J. N. 1991. Genetic interactions between white-tailed and mule deer in the southwestern United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:228-237.
  15. Gilbert, P. F., O. C. Wallmo, and R. B. Gill. 1970. Effect of snow depth on mule deer in Middle Park, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:15-23.
  16. Grinnell, J. 1914. An Account of the Birds and Mammals of the Lower Colorado Valley with Especial Reference to the Distributional Problems Presented. Univ. of Cal. Pub. In Zoology. Vol. 12, No. 4: 51-294. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29524405
  17. Hall, E. R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. The University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
  18. Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I &amp; II. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.
  19. Hatter, I. W., and D. W. Janz. 1994. Apparent demographic changes in black-tailed deer associated with wolf control on northern Vancouver Island. Canadian J. Zoology 72:878-884.
  20. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. 2005. Information index for selected alien vertebrates in Hawaii. Internet resource available at http://www.hear.org/alienspeciesinhawaii/InfoIndexVertebrates.htm. Downloaded 31 March 2005.
  21. Hervert, J. J., and P. R. Krausman. 1986. Desert mule deer use of water developments in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:670-676.
  22. Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press and Arizona Game and Fish Department. 602 pp.
  23. Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
  24. Jones, J. K., Jr., D. M. Armstrong, R. S. Hoffmann, and C. Jones. 1983. Mammals of the Northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
  25. Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.
  26. Kie, J. G. 1991. Foraging behavior by mule deer: the influence of cattle grazing. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:665-674.
  27. Kramer, R. J. 1971. Hawaiian land mammals. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., Rutland, Vermont, and Tokyo, Japan. 347 pp.
  28. Kraus, F., and M. M. Miyamoto. 1991. Rapid cladogenesis among the pecoran ruminants: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Zoology 40:117-130.
  29. Kucera, T. E. 1992. Influences of sex and weather on migration of mule deer in California. Great Basin Nat. 52:122-130.
  30. Loft, E. R., et al. 1987. Influence of cattle stocking rate on the structural profile of deer hiding cover. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:655-664.
  31. Loft, E. R., J. W. Menke, and J. G. Kie. 1991. Habitat shifts by mule deer: the influence of cattle grazing. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:16-26.
  32. Longhurst, W. M., and J. E. Chattin. 1941. The burro deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus eremicus</i>). California Fish and Game 27:2-12.
  33. Loveless, C. M. 1967. Ecological characteristics of a mule deer winter range. Colorado Department of Game, Fish and Parks Technical Publication 20. 125 pp.
  34. Mitchell, W. A. 1986a. Deer spotlight census. Section 6.4.3, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-86-53. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
  35. Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Vols. I and II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.
  36. Ordway, L. L., and P. R. Krausman. 1986. Habitat use by desert mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:677-683.
  37. Rautenstrauch, K. R., and P. R. Krausman. 1989. Influence of water availability and rainfall on movements of desert mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 70:197-201.
  38. Rue, L. L., III. The deer of North America. Updated and expanded edition. Stackpole. 544 pp.
  39. Sánchez-Rojas, G., and S. Gallina. 2000. Mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) density in a landscape element of the Chuhuahuan Desert. Mexico. Journal of Arid environments 44:357-368.
  40. Schoen, J. W., and M. D. Kirchhoff. 1990. Seasonal habitat use by Sitka black-tailed deer on Admiralty Island, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:371-378.
  41. Tomich, P. Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawai'i. A synopsis and notational bibliography. Second edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 375 pp.
  42. Wallmo, O.C. 1981. The mule and black-tailed deer of North America. 605 pp.
  43. Wemmer, C. M., editor. 1987. Biology and management of theCervidae: proceedings of a symposium. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D. C. 1000 pp.
  44. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.
  45. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]
  46. Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 750 pp.
  47. Wood, P., and M. L. Wolfe. 1988. Intercept feeding as a means of reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:376-380.