Charina bottae

(Blainville, 1835)

Rubber Boa

G4Apparently Secure Found in 304 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G4Apparently SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
MediumThreat Impact
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371864
Element CodeARADA01040
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
CITESAppendix II
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassReptilia
OrderSquamata
FamilyBoidae
GenusCharina
Concept Reference
Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx
Taxonomic Comments
The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (Nicholson 2025) recognizes a single species with two subspecies, the Northern Rubber Boa Charina bottae bottae and the Southern Rubber Boa C. b. umbratica. Previously, Rodríguez-Robles et al. (2001) concluded that C. b. umbratica should be elevated to a full species distinct from C. b. bottae and this was adopted by Crother (2017). According to Nicholson (2025), "Based on morphological data from hundreds of additional specimens, Hoyer et al. (2019) expanded the geographical distribution of C. umbratica, which was corroborated by Grismer et al. (2022) using a genome-wide SNP dataset. Grismer et al. (op. cit.) found that C. umbratica was morphologically distinct from C. bottae, but recognizing umbratica as a full species would make bottae paraphyletic. Additionally, they found that C. umbratica was composed of several distinct lineages occurring in sky islands across southern California. The authors recognized umbratica at least as a subspecies in the interest of having it as a recognized taxon listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act." Both Hoyer et al. (2019) and Grismer et al. (2022) noted additional taxonomic research is needed.
Conservation Status
Rank Method Rank calculation - Biotics v2
Review Date2026-01-13
Change Date2026-01-13
Edition Date2026-01-13
Edition AuthorsHammerson, G. (2016); rev. R. L. Gundy (2026)
Threat ImpactMedium
Range Extent200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Number of Occurrences81 - 300
Rank Reasons
This species is widespread in western North America and is locally common in suitable habitat. The population has been in decline due to habitat loss, collection, and variety of types of habitat degradation. The species continues to be threatened by habitat loss, habitat degradation, and the loss of habitat suitability due to climate change.
Range Extent Comments
The range extends from southern British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, south to west-central California (probably southward to San Luis Obispo County), central Nevada, and southern Utah, from the Pacific coast east to north-central Wyoming and western Montana, USA, from near sea level to about 3,050 meters (10,000 feet) (Stewart 1977, Stebbins 2003, Pearson 2010, Reynolds and Henderson 2018). Distribution is spotty in many areas, particularly at the southern and eastern fringes of the range. Charina populations in the southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountains, and on Mt. Pinos, Mt. Abel, Mt. Alamo, and Frazier Mountain are of uncertain taxonomic status.They have some umbratica characteristics but based on mtDNA data were included in the C. bottae (northern rubber boa) clade by Rodriguez-Robles et al. (2001), whereas Stebbins and McGinnis (2012) assigned these populations to C. umbratica. Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2026) records, range extent is estimated to be 2 million km² (RARECAT 2025).
Occurrences Comments
This species is represented by many occurrences or subpopulations. For example, Stewart (1977) mapped over 200 collection sites rangewide.
Threat Impact Comments
This species is not threatened in most of the range, however, some sub-populations may be impacted by habitat degradation due to agriculture, urban development, forest management practices, recreation (mainly off-road vehicle use), rock formation (hibernacula/shelter) disturbance by collectors and hobbyists, habitat drying due to increased drought, wildfire, and temperature associated with climate change, mortality from road crossings, and fuel wood harvesting (USFWS 2021). By 2100, 43% of rubber boa habitat is projected to become unsuitable due to climate change (Pilliod et al. 2024).
Ecology & Habitat

Description

A smooth, shiny, stout-bodied snake that looks and feels like rubber; tail is short, blunt, and shaped somewhat like the head; dorsal scales are small; dorsum of adult is plain brown to olive green, venter is cream to yellow, sometimes with dark flecks or brown, orange, or black mottling; young are pinkish to tan above, light yellow to pink below; top of head is covered with large symmetrical plates; pupil is vertically oval; males and some females have a spur on each side in the anal region; total length of adults usually is 35-83 cm (Stebbins 1985).

Habitat

Habitat includes woodlands, forest clearings, patchy chaparral, meadows, and grassy savannas, generally not far from water; also riparian zones in arid canyons and sagebrush in some areas (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Brown et al. 1995, St. John 2002, Stebbins 2003). Generally this snake is found in or under rotting logs or stumps, under rocks or in crevices, or under the bark of dead fallen trees.

Reproduction

Live-bearing; 2-8 young are born August-November.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralGrassland/herbaceous
Palustrine Habitats
Riparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN4
ProvinceRankNative
British ColumbiaS4Yes
United StatesNNR
ProvinceRankNative
WyomingSNRYes
MontanaS4Yes
UtahS4Yes
OregonS4Yes
IdahoS4Yes
CaliforniaSNRYes
NevadaSNRYes
WashingtonS4Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
1 - Residential & commercial developmentSmall (1-10%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
1.1 - Housing & urban areasSmall (1-10%)Serious - moderateHigh (continuing)
4 - Transportation & service corridorsSmall (1-10%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
4.1 - Roads & railroadsSmall (1-10%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5 - Biological resource useRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5.1 - Hunting & collecting terrestrial animalsRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
5.3 - Logging & wood harvestingSmall (1-10%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
6 - Human intrusions & disturbanceRestricted (11-30%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
6.1 - Recreational activitiesRestricted (11-30%)Slight or 1-10% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
7 - Natural system modificationsRestricted (11-30%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
7.1 - Fire & fire suppressionRestricted (11-30%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
7.1.1 - Increase in fire frequency/intensityRestricted (11-30%)Moderate - slightHigh (continuing)
11 - Climate change & severe weatherRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)
11.2 - DroughtsRestricted (11-30%)Moderate or 11-30% pop. declineHigh (continuing)

Roadless Areas (304)
California (103)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
Bald MountainTahoe National Forest5,832
Bell MeadowStanislaus National Forest7,968
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
Bonanza KingShasta-Trinity National Forest16,402
Bucks LakePlumas National Forest680
Caples CreekEldorado National Forest17,854
Carson - IcebergStanislaus National Forest56,430
Castle Crags AShasta-Trinity National Forest113
Castle Crags BShasta-Trinity National Forest1,619
Castle PeakTahoe National Forest14,974
ChannellSequoia National Forest45,429
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
Chineese Camp (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,339
ChinquapinShasta-Trinity National Forest22,040
Chips CreekPlumas National Forest12,940
Crane Mtn.Modoc National Forest1,269
DardanellesEldorado National Forest8,110
Dennison PeakSequoia National Forest6,293
Devil's Gate (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,946
Dinkey LakesSierra National Forest34,171
DomeStanislaus National Forest11,085
Domeland Add.Sequoia National Forest3,046
Duncan CanyonTahoe National Forest8,621
EagleStanislaus National Forest16,116
East ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest6,201
East GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest27,894
East YubaTahoe National Forest17,968
Elk CreekMendocino National Forest23,182
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
GriderKlamath National Forest10,647
Grouse LakesTahoe National Forest19,085
Hall Natural AreaInyo National Forest5,236
Heart LakeLassen National Forest9,349
Hoover - Green Ck NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest7,155
Hoover - Mt.olsenHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest624
Hoover - NorthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,574
Hoover - Twin LakesHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest102
Hoover - Virginia LksHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,050
Horse Mdw.Inyo National Forest5,687
HortonInyo National Forest5,717
Iceberg - Mill CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest26,988
Jennie LakeSequoia National Forest2,388
JohnsonKlamath National Forest10,652
KangarooKlamath National Forest40,617
KellySix Rivers National Forest5,195
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
LavasModoc National Forest25,864
Log Cabin SaddlebagInyo National Forest15,165
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Middle YubaTahoe National Forest7,379
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mokelumne - SprattHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest613
MonarchSierra National Forest697
MosesSequoia National Forest22,077
Mt. JacksonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest20,721
Mt. BidwellModoc National Forest11,687
Mt. EddyShasta-Trinity National Forest7,232
Mt. OlsenInyo National Forest2,161
Mt. RebaStanislaus National Forest3,869
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
Mt. VidaModoc National Forest7,771
Mystic (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest836
Nevahbe RidgeInyo National Forest302
NightStanislaus National Forest3,173
North Fork American RiverTahoe National Forest38,495
North Fork SmithSix Rivers National Forest37,898
Oat Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,223
Orleans Mtn.Klamath National Forest49,090
Pilot CreekSix Rivers National Forest9,192
Poison HoleEldorado National Forest2,627
PortugueseKlamath National Forest18,915
PyramidEldorado National Forest24,347
Raymond PeakStanislaus National Forest3,646
Raymond PeakEldorado National Forest2,518
RinconSequoia National Forest54,610
Robinson PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,835
Rock Creek WestInyo National Forest3,626
RussianKlamath National Forest21,771
ShacklefordKlamath National Forest1,679
ShuteyeSierra National Forest7,313
Silver HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,423
SiskiyouKlamath National Forest54,039
Siskiyou BSix Rivers National Forest18,871
Slate Mtn.Sequoia National Forest12,299
SnoozerKlamath National Forest23,414
SoldierModoc National Forest10,102
South ForkShasta-Trinity National Forest16,786
South SierraInyo National Forest41,853
South SierraSequoia National Forest8,008
Sweetwater (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,241
Sycamore SpringsSierra National Forest10,015
Tragedy - Elephants BackEldorado National Forest20,866
Trail LakeLassen National Forest1,124
UnderwoodSix Rivers National Forest6,591
WaterhouseStanislaus National Forest4,394
Weaver BallyShasta-Trinity National Forest829
West GirardShasta-Trinity National Forest37,516
West Walker (CA)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest495
West YubaTahoe National Forest16,059
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
Idaho (9)
AreaForestAcres
Bighorn - WeitasNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest254,845
Borah PeakSalmon-Challis National Forest130,463
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
SeceshPayette National Forest248,088
Montana (35)
AreaForestAcres
Allan Mountain (01946)Bitterroot National Forest104,184
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Buckhorn Ridge (MT)Kootenai National Forest34,716
Cabinet Face East #671Kootenai National Forest50,326
Clear CreekLolo National Forest5,538
ElkhornHelena National Forest75,468
Galena #677Kootenai National Forest19,300
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Lolo CreekLolo National Forest14,335
MadisonGallatin National Forest127,859
Mckay Creek #676Kootenai National Forest15,323
Middle Mtn. / Tobacco RootsBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest96,487
Mt. BushnellLolo National Forest41,798
Mt. Henry #666Kootenai National Forest13,603
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North SiegelLolo National Forest9,208
Patricks Knob - North CutoffLolo National Forest16,970
PotosiBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest5,194
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Rock CreekKootenai National Forest806
Scotchman Peaks (MT)Kootenai National Forest53,909
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Sheep Mountain - StatelineLolo National Forest37,844
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
South Siegel - South CutoffLolo National Forest13,474
Stony MountainLolo National Forest32,796
Stony MountainBitterroot National Forest44,057
Tenderfoot - Deep CreekLewis and Clark National Forest85,614
Trout CreekKootenai National Forest30,851
West Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest133,563
Nevada (33)
AreaForestAcres
Arc Dome - Secret BsnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest74,782
Bunker HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,569
ButtermilkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,373
Cabin CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,706
Copper Mtns.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest31,945
Fourmile HillHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest15,718
Humboldt - Angel LkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,008
Humboldt - WinchellHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,272
Iron SpringHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest36,737
Jarbidge - Coon CkHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest866
Jobs Peak (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,342
Mahogany RidgeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest16,765
MarysvilleHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest9,365
Mystic (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,644
Pine Grove SouthHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest88,945
RattlesnakeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest19,672
Rose - Alum CreekHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest853
Rose - Big MeadowsHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest311
Rose - BroncoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest868
Rose - Davis Mdw.Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,361
Rose - Dutch LouieHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest363
Rose - EvansHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest4,782
Rose - GalenaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest3,711
Rose - Hunter Lk NoHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest149
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Santa RosaHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest54,555
Seyler PeakHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,938
South Fork QuinnHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest40,535
Staunton RidgeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest10,328
Sweetwater (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,946
Toiyabe RangeHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest99,225
West Walker (NV)Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest5,683
Oregon (33)
AreaForestAcres
Boulder ParkWallowa-Whitman National Forest12,141
Brown Mt.Winema National Forest3,117
CornpatchWillamette National Forest7,346
Cougar BluffUmpqua National Forest5,574
Crane MountainFremont National Forest23,096
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
FairviewUmpqua National Forest7,417
French Pete (a)Willamette National Forest1,668
Gordon MeadowsWillamette National Forest9,463
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HuckleberryWallowa-Whitman National Forest11,238
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Imnaha FaceWallowa-Whitman National Forest29,575
LakeMt. Hood National Forest1,327
Lake ForkWallowa-Whitman National Forest21,936
LarchMt. Hood National Forest12,961
Lick CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,956
Little Eagle MeadowsWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,984
LookingglassUmatilla National Forest4,859
Lookout MountainOchoco National Forest14,115
Maiden PeakWillamette National Forest9,627
Mcclellan MountainMalheur National Forest21,213
Mill Creek Watershed (OR)Umatilla National Forest7,820
Mt. JeffersonDeschutes National Forest2,282
Mt. BaileyUmpqua National Forest18,401
Snake RiverWallowa-Whitman National Forest31,229
Twin LakesMt. Hood National Forest6,055
Upper Catherine CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest6,446
W - T ThreeUmatilla National Forest1,705
W. BoundaryWinema National Forest2,345
Waldo - FujiWillamette National Forest15,273
Walla Walla RiverUmatilla National Forest34,416
Wind CreekMt. Hood National Forest5,438
Utah (43)
AreaForestAcres
0401005Ashley National Forest38,930
418001Uinta National Forest5,697
418003Uinta National Forest10,912
418008Uinta National Forest9,367
418012Uinta National Forest25,758
418013Uinta National Forest14,643
418014Uinta National Forest9,683
418015Uinta National Forest17,289
418016Uinta National Forest35,240
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418026Uinta National Forest14,038
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418028Uinta National Forest34,002
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
Boulder MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest8,852
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Clear CreekSawtooth National Forest7,188
Dairy ForkManti-Lasal National Forest30,222
GibsonWasatch-Cache National Forest5,350
HogsbackWasatch-Cache National Forest7,936
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Mahogany RangeWasatch-Cache National Forest11,409
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. Logan SouthWasatch-Cache National Forest17,014
Mt. Logan WestWasatch-Cache National Forest5,285
Mt. NaomiWasatch-Cache National Forest41,922
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
NoblettsWasatch-Cache National Forest3,116
Public GroveWasatch-Cache National Forest6,341
Right Hand Fork LoganWasatch-Cache National Forest15,023
SanpitchManti-Lasal National Forest29,129
Stump CreekCaribou National Forest355
Swan Creek MountainWasatch-Cache National Forest9,390
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
Upper South ForkWasatch-Cache National Forest16,811
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
White PineWasatch-Cache National Forest1,942
Washington (34)
AreaForestAcres
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Bear CreekGifford Pinchot National Forest7,980
Big Lava BedGifford Pinchot National Forest19,043
Blue LakeGifford Pinchot National Forest11,359
Blue SlideWenatchee National Forest17,505
Canyon CreekWenatchee National Forest7,983
ChelanWenatchee National Forest74,650
Devils GulchWenatchee National Forest24,419
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Goat Rocks AdjWenatchee National Forest6,108
Granite MountainOkanogan National Forest27,428
Grassy TopIdaho Panhandle National Forests13,485
Grassy TopColville National Forest10,302
Harvey CreekColville National Forest10,140
Heather LakeWenatchee National Forest10,628
HoodooColville National Forest7,142
Long SwampOkanogan National Forest66,344
ManastashWenatchee National Forest11,155
Mill Creek Watershed (WA)Umatilla National Forest16,747
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Norse PeakWenatchee National Forest10,169
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
QuartzWenatchee National Forest8,550
Red MountainGifford Pinchot National Forest2,992
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest AColville National Forest932
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
SawtoothOkanogan National Forest122,194
Stormy Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest32,612
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
TeanawayWenatchee National Forest72,849
Thorp Mtn.Wenatchee National Forest22,717
Twin LakesWenatchee National Forest22,496
Willow SpringsUmatilla National Forest10,414
Wyoming (14)
AreaForestAcres
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
Devils CanyonBighorn National Forest37,416
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Lake Alice - Commissary RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest166,707
Leigh CreekBighorn National Forest19,180
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Munger MountainBridger-Teton National Forest12,827
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Rock CreekBighorn National Forest48,657
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
South Wyoming RangeBridger-Teton National Forest85,776
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (25)
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