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Procyon lotor

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Raccoon

G5Secure Found in 261 roadless areas NatureServe Explorer →
G5SecureGlobal Rank
Least concernIUCN
Identity
Unique IDELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.798324
Element CodeAMAJE02010
Record TypeSPECIES
ClassificationSpecies
Classification StatusStandard
Name CategoryVertebrate Animal
IUCNLeast concern
Endemicoccurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumCraniata
ClassMammalia
OrderCarnivora
FamilyProcyonidae
GenusProcyon
Other Common Names
Mapache, Zorra Manglera (ES) Northern Raccoon (EN) raccoon (EN) Raton laveur (FR)
Concept Reference
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]
Taxonomic Comments
Revised taxonomy suggested by Trujillo and Hoffman (2017) would result in three subspecies in Florida: Procyon lotor elucus, P. l. auspicatus, and P. l. inesperatus. Two subspecies, P. l. marinus and P. l. incautus, would become synonymized.
Conservation Status
Rank MethodExpertise without calculation
Review Date2016-04-04
Change Date1996-11-18
Range Extent Comments
Southern Canada, United States (except parts of the Rocky Mountains and desert southwest), Mexico, and Central America south to Panama; introduced in parts of Europe and Asia (Wozencraft, in Wilson and Reeder 2005).
Ecology & Habitat

Habitat

Various habitats; usually in moist situations, often along streams and shorelines. Dens under logs or rock, in tree hole, ground burrow, or in bank den (Armstrong 1975).

Ecology

Average home range is 90-150 acres (Baker 1983). Population density was reported as l individual per 10-16 acres by Baker (1983). Winter density was 1/70.4 ha and 1/34.5 ha at two locations in Tennessee (Kissell and Kennedy 1992). Typically solitary except female with young.

Reproduction

Breeds late winter (late January to mid-March). Gestation lasts 63 days. One litter of 3-7 (average 3-4) is produced late April to early May. Young are weaned at 10-12 weeks. Young stay with mother through winter or until next litter born. Sexually mature in 1-2 years; % of yearlings breeding varies annually and/or regionally. Males mate promiscuously.
Terrestrial Habitats
Forest - HardwoodForest - ConiferForest - MixedWoodland - HardwoodWoodland - ConiferWoodland - MixedShrubland/chaparralDesertBare rock/talus/screeCropland/hedgerowSuburban/orchardUrban/edificarian
Palustrine Habitats
FORESTED WETLANDRiparian
Other Nations (2)
CanadaN5
ProvinceRankNative
QuebecS5Yes
SaskatchewanS5Yes
British ColumbiaS5Yes
ManitobaS5Yes
AlbertaS4Yes
Nova ScotiaS5Yes
New BrunswickS5Yes
OntarioS5Yes
Prince Edward IslandSNANo
United StatesN5
ProvinceRankNative
PennsylvaniaS5Yes
NebraskaS5Yes
MarylandS5Yes
Navajo NationS5Yes
New HampshireS5Yes
AlabamaS5Yes
MontanaS5Yes
OhioSNRYes
CaliforniaSNRYes
MinnesotaSNRYes
DelawareS5Yes
South CarolinaS5Yes
IowaS5Yes
KentuckyS5Yes
New YorkS5Yes
West VirginiaS5Yes
UtahS5Yes
ConnecticutS5Yes
LouisianaS5Yes
FloridaS5Yes
OklahomaSNRYes
IllinoisS5Yes
ColoradoS5Yes
WashingtonS5Yes
GeorgiaS5Yes
North DakotaS5Yes
TennesseeS5Yes
District of ColumbiaS5Yes
KansasS5Yes
NevadaS5Yes
MichiganS5Yes
VirginiaS5Yes
New JerseyS5Yes
MississippiS5Yes
South DakotaS5Yes
OregonS5Yes
WyomingS5Yes
North CarolinaS5Yes
TexasS5Yes
IdahoS5Yes
New MexicoS4Yes
ArizonaS4Yes
MassachusettsS5Yes
VermontS5Yes
Rhode IslandS5Yes
MaineS5Yes
ArkansasS5Yes
MissouriS5Yes
IndianaS5Yes
WisconsinS5Yes
Threat Assessments
ThreatScopeSeverityTiming
4 - Transportation & service corridors——High (continuing)
4.1 - Roads & railroads——High (continuing)
5 - Biological resource use——High (continuing)
5.1 - Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals——High (continuing)

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Roadless Areas (261)
Arizona (11)
AreaForestAcres
GaliuroCoronado National Forest28,333
GoldfieldTonto National Forest15,257
Lime CreekTonto National Forest42,568
Lower San FranciscoApache-Sitgreaves National Forests59,310
MazatzalTonto National Forest16,942
Middle Dragoon RoadlessCoronado National Forest10,543
PicachoTonto National Forest4,969
PinalenoCoronado National Forest130,920
Sierra Ancha Wilderness ContiguousTonto National Forest7,787
TumacacoriCoronado National Forest44,594
WhetstoneCoronado National Forest20,728
Arkansas (4)
AreaForestAcres
Blue MountainOuachita National Forest9,755
Brush HeapOuachita National Forest4,205
Clifty CanyonOzark-St. Francis National Forest1,963
Little BlakelyOuachita National Forest3,342
California (61)
AreaForestAcres
AgnewSequoia National Forest9,561
Arroyo SecoAngeles National Forest4,703
Black ButteLos Padres National Forest5,116
Black ButteMendocino National Forest15,461
Black CanyonInyo National Forest32,421
Black Mtn.Sequoia National Forest15,102
CajonSan Bernardino National Forest7,548
ChicoSequoia National Forest39,836
City CreekSan Bernardino National Forest9,997
ColdwaterCleveland National Forest8,402
Cow CreekShasta-Trinity National Forest22,627
Crystal CreekSan Bernardino National Forest6,783
Cucamonga AAngeles National Forest1,249
Cucamonga BSan Bernardino National Forest11,933
Cutca ValleyCleveland National Forest14,530
Deep CreekSan Bernardino National Forest23,869
Devil GulchSierra National Forest30,490
Devils RockShasta-Trinity National Forest16,209
Dry LakesLos Padres National Forest17,043
EagleShasta-Trinity National Forest6,553
Eagle PeakCleveland National Forest6,481
Fish CanyonAngeles National Forest29,886
Garcia MountainLos Padres National Forest7,850
Glass MountainInyo National Forest52,867
Granite ChiefTahoe National Forest6,546
Granite PeakSan Bernardino National Forest450
Kings RiverSierra National Forest52,999
LaddCleveland National Forest5,300
Lake EleanorShasta-Trinity National Forest397
Little French CShasta-Trinity National Forest11,529
Malduce BuckhornLos Padres National Forest14,177
MatilijaLos Padres National Forest5,218
Middle ForkPlumas National Forest29,278
Mill CreekLassen National Forest7,587
Mill CreekSequoia National Forest27,643
Mill PeakSan Bernardino National Forest7,884
Mt. RaymondSierra National Forest6,965
Mt. Shasta BShasta-Trinity National Forest2,809
No NameCleveland National Forest4,897
NordhoffLos Padres National Forest12,031
North MountainStanislaus National Forest7,856
PaiuteInyo National Forest58,712
Pyramid Peak BSan Bernardino National Forest7,194
Red MountainAngeles National Forest8,034
Salt CreekAngeles National Forest11,022
San Gabriel AddAngeles National Forest2,527
Sawmill - BadlandsLos Padres National Forest51,362
Sespe - FrazierAngeles National Forest4,254
Sespe - FrazierLos Padres National Forest106,910
Sheep MountainAngeles National Forest21,098
Skeleton GladeMendocino National Forest9,237
Snow MountainMendocino National Forest14,457
Strawberry PeakAngeles National Forest7,245
SugarloafSan Bernardino National Forest8,206
TequepisLos Padres National Forest9,080
Timbered CraterLassen National Forest4,096
TuleAngeles National Forest9,861
WestforkAngeles National Forest4,407
Wheeler RidgeInyo National Forest15,744
White LedgeLos Padres National Forest18,632
Wonoga Pk.Inyo National Forest11,272
Colorado (3)
AreaForestAcres
Dome PeakRoutt NF35,716
HermosaSan Juan NF148,103
Long ParkRoutt NF42,100
Florida (4)
AreaForestAcres
Alexander Springs CreekOcala National Forest2,954
Clear LakeApalachicola National Forest5,592
Gum BayApalachicola National Forest11,645
Long BayApalachicola National Forest5,726
Georgia (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainChattahoochee National Forest1,974
Idaho (8)
AreaForestAcres
Bear CreekCaribou-Targhee National Forest118,582
HoodooNez Perce-Clearwater National Forest153,868
Italian PeakCaribou-Targhee National Forest141,158
NeedlesPayette National Forest131,279
PalisadesCaribou-Targhee National Forest122,002
Peace RockBoise National Forest191,734
Pioneer MountainsSalmon-Challis National Forest172,460
Pioneer MountainsSawtooth National Forest119,563
Illinois (1)
AreaForestAcres
Ripple HollowShawnee National Forest3,788
Maine (1)
AreaForestAcres
Caribou - Speckled ExtWhite Mountain National Forest5,988
Missouri (1)
AreaForestAcres
Irish Rare II Study AreaMark Twain National Forest1,226
Montana (20)
AreaForestAcres
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLewis and Clark National Forest344,022
Bear - Marshall - Scapegoat - SwanLolo National Forest118,485
Big Snowy Mountains WsaLewis and Clark National Forest88,003
Bmss Ra 1485Flathead National Forest334,275
BridgerGallatin National Forest45,059
Cube Iron - SilcoxLolo National Forest36,998
Galena #677Kootenai National Forest19,300
Gallatin FringeGallatin National Forest51,571
HoodooLolo National Forest105,162
Hyalite - Porcupine - Buffalo Horn Wilderness Study AreaGallatin National Forest143,991
Mt. Gmt Area HCuster National Forest1,335
Mt. Hefty Ra 1481Flathead National Forest12,938
North AbsarokaGallatin National Forest159,075
North AbsarokaCuster National Forest21,063
North Big HoleBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest52,227
QuiggLolo National Forest67,267
Selway - Bitterroot (01067)Bitterroot National Forest114,953
Silver KingBeaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest64,289
Stony MountainLolo National Forest32,796
Thompson Seton RA 1483Flathead National Forest52,235
Nevada (4)
AreaForestAcres
Rose - VerdiHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest1,155
Rose - Whites CanyonHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest2,568
Ruby - Lamoille CynHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest32,771
Snake - MurphyHumboldt-Toiyabe National Forest27,064
New Hampshire (3)
AreaForestAcres
Sandwich RangeWhite Mountain National Forest16,797
WatervilleWhite Mountain National Forest4,312
Wild RiverWhite Mountain National Forest46,878
New Mexico (24)
AreaForestAcres
Arroyo de los FrijolesSanta Fe National Forest5,277
Aspen MountainGila National Forest23,784
Brushy MountainGila National Forest7,199
Bull CanyonCarson National Forest11,512
Capitan MountainsLincoln National Forest14,069
Comales CanyonCarson National Forest4,389
Contiguous To Black & Aldo Leopold WildernessGila National Forest111,883
Contiguous To Gila Wilderness & Primitive AreaGila National Forest79,049
DatilCibola National Forest13,958
Devils CreekGila National Forest89,916
El InviernoSanta Fe National Forest29,927
Gila BoxGila National Forest23,759
Latir PeakCarson National Forest3,573
LemitasSanta Fe National Forest8,129
Lower San FranciscoGila National Forest26,460
Meadow CreekGila National Forest34,167
Ortega PeakLincoln National Forest11,545
PecosCarson National Forest13,436
RendijaSanta Fe National Forest2,176
Ryan HillCibola National Forest34,201
Sierra Negra Rare II Study AreaCarson National Forest9,470
Thompson PeakSanta Fe National Forest33,001
Virgin CanyonSanta Fe National Forest6,068
West Face Sacramento MountainsLincoln National Forest41,176
North Carolina (8)
AreaForestAcres
Bald MountainPisgah National Forest11,085
Balsam ConePisgah National Forest10,591
Catfish Lake NorthCroatan National Forest11,299
Jarrett CreekPisgah National Forest7,485
Lost CovePisgah National Forest5,944
South Mills RiverPisgah National Forest8,588
Tusquitee BaldNantahala National Forest13,670
Wilson CreekPisgah National Forest4,863
North Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
VenloDakota Prairie Grasslands5,317
Oregon (17)
AreaForestAcres
Coleman RimFremont National Forest10,638
EagleMt. Hood National Forest16,841
HellholeUmatilla National Forest65,679
HomesteadWallowa-Whitman National Forest5,817
Hurricane CreekWallowa-Whitman National Forest1,606
Mcclellan MountainMalheur National Forest21,213
Mclennon MountainWillamette National Forest8,085
North PaulinaDeschutes National Forest19,670
Roaring RiverMt. Hood National Forest27,316
Salmon - HuckleberryMt. Hood National Forest17,570
SherwoodUmpqua National Forest2,449
Sky Lakes AWinema National Forest3,940
South PaulinaDeschutes National Forest9,074
TenmileSiuslaw National Forest10,818
Twin MountainWallowa-Whitman National Forest58,533
Wind CreekMt. Hood National Forest5,438
WoahinkSiuslaw National Forest5,309
South Carolina (1)
AreaForestAcres
Big MountainSumter National Forest2,337
South Dakota (1)
AreaForestAcres
Indian CreekBuffalo Gap National Grassland24,666
Tennessee (4)
AreaForestAcres
Devil's BackboneCherokee National Forest4,287
Flint Mill GapCherokee National Forest9,494
Sampson Mountain AdditionCherokee National Forest3,064
Stone MountainCherokee National Forest5,367
Texas (2)
AreaForestAcres
Big CreekNational Forests in Texas1,447
Little Lake CreekNational Forests in Texas596
Utah (31)
AreaForestAcres
0401002Ashley National Forest36,113
0401024Ashley National Forest12,882
418014Uinta National Forest9,683
418016Uinta National Forest35,240
418024Uinta National Forest51,699
418025Uinta National Forest32,698
418026Uinta National Forest14,038
418027Uinta National Forest13,884
418029Uinta National Forest15,673
418040Uinta National Forest1,702
Boulder Mtn. / Boulder Top / Deer LakeDixie National Forest110,690
Burch CreekWasatch-Cache National Forest6,938
Capital ReefDixie National Forest763
CottonwoodDixie National Forest6,754
FishhookDixie National Forest12,959
HogsbackWasatch-Cache National Forest7,936
LakesWasatch-Cache National Forest121,967
Lewis PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest11,616
Lone Peak ContiguousWasatch-Cache National Forest874
Mt. AireWasatch-Cache National Forest9,681
Mt. Logan NorthWasatch-Cache National Forest18,930
Mt. OlympusWasatch-Cache National Forest9,982
North FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest8,148
Pine Valley MountainsDixie National Forest57,673
South FrancisWasatch-Cache National Forest3,374
Stansbury MountainsWasatch-Cache National Forest39,696
Stoddard MountainDixie National Forest13,165
Temple PeakWasatch-Cache National Forest24,081
Thousand Lake MountainFishlake National Forest27,267
Twin PeaksWasatch-Cache National Forest6,157
WellsvilleWasatch-Cache National Forest1,717
Vermont (1)
AreaForestAcres
Bread LoafGreen Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests1,768
Virginia (14)
AreaForestAcres
Adams PeakGeorge Washington National Forest7,135
Bear CreekJefferson National Forest18,274
Brush MountainJefferson National Forest6,002
Garden MountainJefferson National Forest3,960
Hunting Camp Little Wolf CreekJefferson National Forest8,953
Kelley MountainGeorge Washington National Forest7,590
Laurel ForkGeorge Washington National Forest9,967
North MountainJefferson National Forest8,377
Northern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest9,444
Oak KnobGeorge Washington National Forest10,882
Patterson MountainJefferson National Forest4,865
Price MountainJefferson National Forest9,119
Seng MountainJefferson National Forest6,428
Southern MassanuttenGeorge Washington National Forest11,985
Washington (20)
AreaForestAcres
Abercrombie - HooknoseColville National Forest33,862
Alpine Lakes Adj.Wenatchee National Forest57,104
Eagle RockMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest34,064
EntiatWenatchee National Forest72,617
Glacier Peak BMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest19,328
Higgins MountainMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest13,185
Jefferson RidgeOlympic National Forest6,512
Jupiter RidgeOlympic National Forest10,148
Mt. Baker MaMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest24,847
Mt. Baker Noisy - DiobsudMt Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest56,039
Mt. BaldyOlympic National Forest3,557
Nason RidgeWenatchee National Forest19,329
Pasayten RimOkanogan National Forest17,074
QuilceneOlympic National Forest18,656
Rock CreekWenatchee National Forest32,239
Salmo - Priest BColville National Forest11,869
Slide RidgeWenatchee National Forest11,430
South QuinaultOlympic National Forest11,081
TaneumWenatchee National Forest26,140
Upper SkokomishOlympic National Forest9,311
West Virginia (5)
AreaForestAcres
Glady ForkMonongahela National Forest3,239
Laurel ForkMonongahela National Forest1,172
Mcgowan MountainMonongahela National Forest10,504
North Mountain HopevilleMonongahela National Forest6,525
Seneca CreekMonongahela National Forest22,287
Wyoming (10)
AreaForestAcres
Cloud Peak ContiguousBighorn National Forest113,757
Grayback RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest295,113
Gros Ventre MountainsBridger-Teton National Forest106,418
Little BighornBighorn National Forest133,949
Middle ForkMedicine Bow-Routt National Forest13,238
PalisadesTarghee National Forest1,121
Phillips RidgeBridger-Teton National Forest10,108
Salt River RangeBridger-Teton National Forest235,661
West Slope TetonsTarghee National Forest47,448
Wilderness Study AreaTarghee National Forest51,961
References (30)
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  29. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.
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