Clear Springs

Clear Springs occupies 11 acres of the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois, where the terrain rises from the Mississippi River Floodplain at 350 feet through a series of ridges and hollows to Bald Knob at 1,031 feet. The area drains into the Big Muddy River watershed through Hutchins Creek, which originates in the LaRue Pine Hills at 400 feet and flows northward past Inspiration Point and through King Hollow. Clear Creek and McCann Springs contribute additional flow to this network, creating a landscape where water movement shapes both the forest structure and the species composition across distinct elevation zones.

The forest communities reflect this hydrological and topographic complexity. Dry Upland Forest dominates the ridgelines, where shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and white oak (Quercus alba) form an open canopy adapted to shallow soils and periodic drought. Moving downslope into more protected aspects, Dry-Mesic Upland Forest transitions to Mesic Upland Forest, where tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) become increasingly prominent. In the lowest elevations and along creek bottoms, Wet-Mesic Floodplain Forest develops, with moisture-tolerant species dominating the understory. Limestone Glade and Central Interior Acidic Cliff communities occupy specialized microsites where exposed rock and thin soils create conditions for ferns including walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum), and leatherwood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), along with herbaceous species such as wild ginger (Asarum canadense), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), puttyroot orchid (Aplectrum hyemale), blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia verna), and red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).

The area supports populations of three federally endangered bat species—the gray bat (Myotis grisescens), Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), and Northern Long-Eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis)—along with the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus), proposed for federal endangered status. These species roost in caves and crevices throughout the limestone terrain and forage across the forest canopy for insects. In the aquatic systems, the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii), proposed for federal threatened status, inhabits deeper pools in Hutchins Creek and Clear Creek, where it feeds on fish and invertebrates. Terrestrial vertebrates include wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) foraging in the understory, Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) nesting in cavities, timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) hunting small mammals on rocky slopes, and American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) breeding in seasonal pools. The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), proposed for federal threatened status, migrates through the area in spring and fall, relying on native flowering plants for nectar.

Walking through Clear Springs means moving through distinct ecological zones within a short distance. A visitor ascending from Hutchins Creek encounters the dense, moisture-rich understory of the floodplain forest, where the sound of water is constant and ferns carpet the ground. As elevation increases and the forest transitions to Mesic Upland Forest, the canopy opens slightly and the understory shifts to shade-tolerant herbaceous plants. Continuing upslope toward the ridgelines, the forest becomes noticeably drier; shortleaf pine becomes dominant, and the ground layer thins to scattered herbs and exposed leaf litter. At Inspiration Point and along the ridge systems, the view opens across the surrounding landscape, and the cooler, drier conditions of the Dry Upland Forest are evident in the sparser vegetation and rocky outcrops. The limestone cliffs and glades scattered throughout the area create sudden transitions—pockets of specialized vegetation where ferns and rare wildflowers grow in conditions found nowhere else in the surrounding forest.

The lands now comprising Clear Springs were historically occupied by the Illinois Confederacy, which included the Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa peoples. Other groups documented to have lived in or used resources in southern Illinois included the Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, and Piankashaw. The Shawnee, despite lending their name to the national forest, maintained primarily transient presence in this region, using the area for hunting and as refuge during conflicts with other tribes and European settlers rather than establishing permanent settlements. Archaeological evidence indicates the area was also inhabited by Late Woodland peoples (c. 600–900 AD) and Mississippian peoples (c. 800–1500 AD).

The Kaskaskia and Peoria tribes formally ceded the lands of the Shawnee National Forest to the U.S. government through treaties in 1803 and 1818. During the Trail of Tears (1838–1839), thousands of Cherokee people were forced to camp in southern Illinois, including areas near Clear Springs, while waiting for ice flows on the Mississippi River to clear. Cherokee detachments specifically sought out the clear springs in this area as vital water sources for themselves and their livestock. Hunting and gathering continued to sustain communities in the region, with the forests providing habitat for deer and turkey, while river valleys supplied plants for subsistence use.

Prior to federal acquisition, European settlers established homesteads throughout the region. Early white settlements in the area were established by pioneers arriving from the Southeast, with old-old homesites and foundations still visible within Clear Springs. By the early twentieth century, the landscape had been substantially altered through intensive farming, logging, and livestock grazing. Logging operations harvested the original old-growth timber for firewood and local timber needs, though the steep eastern bluffs overlooking the Big Muddy River limited intensive operations in some areas. Farming and timber clearing led to significant soil erosion, with topsoil washing from the steep bluffs into the Big Muddy River. This degradation contributed to the eventual abandonment of farms, leaving behind evidence of past settlement including stone foundations, abandoned roads, family cemeteries, and surviving fruit trees planted by former residents. The "ghost town" of La Rue was located near the western edge of this area.

The Shawnee National Forest was established through federal land acquisition during the Great Depression. The forest was created under authority of the Act of March 3, 1891 (Forest Reserve Act), the Act of June 4, 1897 (Organic Act), the Weeks Act of 1911, the Clarke-McNary Act of 1924, and the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937. The federal government purchased "exhausted" and failing farmland to create the forest, with an approved purchase area of approximately 600,000 acres at its inception in 1933, though only about 180,000 acres had been acquired by the time of the official proclamation in 1939. The forest boundaries have been expanded at least three times since the original purchases. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Civilian Conservation Corps was active in the surrounding region, planting pine plantations to stabilize soil and prevent further erosion. Today, the forest encompasses approximately 280,000 to 289,000 acres of federally managed land within a proclamation boundary of roughly 498,000 acres.

Clear Springs was officially designated as a protected wilderness area under the Illinois Wilderness Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-633), part of a broader designation of approximately 30,000 acres across seven distinct areas within the forest. The wilderness designation permanently prohibits logging, mining, and motorized transport within the area's boundaries. Abandoned roads used by early settlers were closed to motorized vehicles following this designation.

Vital Resources Protected

Headwater and Riparian Connectivity for Federally Endangered Bats

The Clear Springs area contains headwaters of Hutchins Creek and Clear Creek within a landscape of steep limestone hills and floodplain forest—terrain that creates the cool, humid microclimates and insect-rich riparian corridors that gray bats (Myotis grisescens), Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis), and northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) depend on for foraging and roosting. These three federally endangered species navigate the drainage network to access water, emerging insects, and cave systems; the roadless condition preserves the continuous forest canopy and intact stream corridors that allow safe movement between roosting and feeding habitat across the broader wilderness complex that includes Clear Springs Wilderness and Bald Knob Wilderness.

Limestone Glade and Cliff Ecosystem Integrity

The Central Interior Acidic Cliff and Limestone Glade ecosystems within this 11-acre tract represent rare, specialized habitat types that support species found nowhere else in the region. These steep, rocky features are sensitive to soil disturbance and erosion; their roadless status protects them from the direct physical damage and hydrological disruption that would result from cut slopes and drainage patterns associated with road construction on this hilly terrain.

Unfragmented Forest Canopy for Interior-Dependent Species

The mosaic of dry upland, mesic upland, and wet-mesic floodplain forests creates interior forest habitat—areas far enough from edges to support species like red-headed woodpeckers and forest-interior migratory birds that cannot tolerate the increased predation, parasitism, and microclimate changes that occur at forest edges. Because this 11-acre roadless area is adjacent to the larger Clear Springs and Bald Knob Wilderness tracts, it functions as a buffer and connector; roads would fragment this canopy and create edge effects that penetrate into the adjacent protected areas.

Watershed Function in a "Functioning at Risk" Drainage

The Clear Springs area drains into the Lower Clear Creek and Lower Muddy River subwatersheds, which the U.S. Forest Service Watershed Condition Framework classifies as "Functioning at Risk" due to legacy sedimentation and altered hydrology from historical agricultural drainage. The roadless condition preserves the natural infiltration and streamflow regulation that intact forest and riparian vegetation provide; this is particularly critical because USFS restoration efforts in the region are specifically targeting sedimentation reduction, and any new sediment input from road construction would undermine those investments.

Threats from Road Construction

Sedimentation and Stream Temperature Increase from Canopy Removal and Cut Slopes

Road construction on the hilly terrain of Clear Springs would require cutting slopes and removing forest canopy to create the roadbed and sight lines. On slopes exceeding 20 percent grade—common in this area with elevations ranging from 300 feet in creek bottoms to over 1,000 feet at Bald Knob—exposed soil erodes rapidly during rainfall, delivering sediment to Hutchins Creek, Clear Creek, and their tributaries. Simultaneously, canopy removal increases solar radiation reaching the stream surface, raising water temperature; together, these changes degrade spawning substrate for native fish and reduce the cool, oxygenated conditions that support the aquatic insects that federally endangered bats depend on for food.

Habitat Fragmentation and Loss of Bat Movement Corridors

Road construction creates a linear barrier and edge habitat that disrupts the continuous forest canopy gray bats, Indiana bats, and northern long-eared bats use to navigate safely between roosting sites (likely in caves or hollow trees within the adjacent wilderness areas) and foraging habitat along the creek corridors. The road itself becomes a source of mortality through vehicle strikes, and the cleared corridor allows predators and competitors to penetrate into previously interior habitat. Because this 11-acre tract functions as a connector between the larger Clear Springs and Bald Knob Wilderness areas, fragmentation here breaks the landscape-scale connectivity these federally endangered species require to access sufficient foraging area and maintain genetic exchange between populations.

Invasive Species Establishment and Spread Along Road Corridor

Road construction creates a disturbed corridor—compacted soil, exposed mineral earth, and altered light and moisture conditions—that is highly susceptible to colonization by invasive plants documented as primary threats in the Shawnee National Forest: multiflora rose, Japanese honeysuckle, and garlic mustard. These species spread from the road edge into adjacent forest, displacing native understory plants and reducing the structural complexity and native plant diversity that support the insect communities on which bats, timber rattlesnakes, and eastern box turtles (all identified as species in greatest conservation need in the Illinois Wildlife Action Plan) depend. Once established, invasive species are extremely difficult to control, particularly in small, connected roadless areas where the road becomes a permanent vector for reinvasion.

Hydrological Disruption and Altered Drainage Patterns

Road construction requires fill material, drainage structures (culverts and ditches), and grading that alter how water moves through the landscape. In a watershed already classified as "Functioning at Risk," these changes would disrupt the natural infiltration and streamflow regulation that the intact forest provides, exacerbating the sedimentation and altered hydrology problems that USFS restoration efforts are working to reverse. Culverts and road fills can also create barriers to movement for aquatic species like the alligator snapping turtle (proposed federally threatened), which requires access to connected waterways across the floodplain forest.

Clear Springs encompasses 11 acres of hilly terrain within the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois, featuring limestone bluffs rising 400 feet above river floodplains, cold-water streams, and mixed upland forest. The area's roadless condition preserves backcountry access to remote ridgelines, unfragmented wildlife habitat, and undisturbed stream corridors that would be compromised by road construction.

Hiking and Backpacking

The Godwin Trail, a 6.7-mile segment of the 160-mile River to River Trail, is the primary hiking route through Clear Springs. Marked with natural wood diamonds, this difficult trail descends from 800 feet at the Godwin Trailhead-East to Hutchins Creek at 300 feet, then climbs back to the Godwin Trailhead West on Pine Hills Road. The King Hollow Trail offers a 5.2-mile out-and-back moderately difficult route from Godwin Trailhead West to Hutchins Creek, gaining 479 feet. The Inspiration Point Trail, a 0.8-mile National Recreation Trail, provides two access options: a shorter walk from Inspiration Point along the limestone ridgeline, or a steeper 1.3-mile climb from McCann Springs through forest and bluffs. The Hutchins Creek Trail intersects the Godwin Trail at the creek and follows it north for two miles before heading west. The White Pine Trail connects Pine Hills Road to Pine Hills Campground. A popular multi-day loop combines the Godwin and Hutchins Creek trails for a 15-mile circuit completed in 2–3 days. The River to River Trail Society leads free guided hikes in spring and fall. Dispersed camping requires no permit. Note that Pine Hills Road closes to vehicles March 15–May 15 and September 1–October 30 for reptile and amphibian migration, which may affect trailhead access during these periods. The area harbors timber rattlesnakes and copperheads; poison ivy and stinging nettle are common. Hutchins Creek is subject to rapid flash flooding.

Hunting

White-tailed deer and wild turkey are the primary game species in Clear Springs. Deer hunting includes archery, firearm, and muzzleloader seasons; turkey hunting follows Illinois Department of Natural Resources seasons. Squirrel and rabbit hunting is also available. Site-specific permits are required for deer and turkey; harvests must be reported via the IDNR toll-free check-in system (866-IL-CHECK). Hunters must wear a solid blaze orange cap and outer garment displaying at least 400 square inches of blaze orange during firearm seasons. Permanent deer stands are prohibited, and hunting is forbidden within 150 yards of any building, campsite, or developed recreation site. The rugged terrain—slopes up to 70 degrees with limestone bluffs—demands high physical effort for backcountry hunting. Access via Godwin Trailhead West, McCann Springs, Inspiration Point, and King Hollow Trail provides entry to interior hunting areas. The seasonal closure of Pine Hills Road during spring and fall migration periods may limit vehicle access to some trailheads during peak hunting seasons. The roadless condition preserves the quiet, unfragmented habitat essential for deer and turkey populations and allows hunters to pursue game without encountering motorized traffic or fragmented forest.

Fishing

Hutchins Creek, a candidate for Wild and Scenic River designation, flows through Clear Springs and offers stream fishing access via the Godwin Trail and King Hollow Trail. The creek features seasonal swimming holes and wide gravel bars; water quality is high. The Big Muddy River, adjacent to the western boundary, supports largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, walleye, and crappie, along with channel catfish, freshwater drum, and gar species. The Mississippi River borders the western edge and is described as an underutilized fishery with potential for trophy-sized catfish and walleye. Small ponds in the vicinity, often remnants of old farmsteads, contain self-sustaining largemouth bass, bluegill, and catfish populations. A valid Illinois fishing license is required. Most Shawnee National Forest waters follow a "2 Pole and Line Fishing Only" rule unless otherwise posted. Because Clear Springs is designated Wilderness, motorized equipment and mechanical transport are prohibited; fishing is restricted to primitive, non-motorized access. Anglers access Hutchins Creek via trail; interior stream segments and small ponds are walk-in access only. Overnight parking is permitted at designated trailheads. The roadless condition maintains the high water quality and riparian habitat that support fish populations and ensures that anglers can fish without encountering motorized boats or road-related disturbance.

Birding

Clear Springs supports over 170 bird species across its forest and stream habitats. Pileated Woodpeckers and up to seven other woodpecker species inhabit the upland forest, along with Wood Thrush, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Great-crested Flycatcher, Red-eyed Vireo, and Yellow-throated Vireo. Warblers documented in the area include Pine, Kentucky, Hooded, Chestnut-sided, Black-and-white, and Worm-eating Warblers, as well as Ovenbird and Northern Parula. Louisiana Waterthrush are found along rocky streambeds like Hutchins Creek. Wood Ducks nest in tree cavities in nearby bottomland forests. Mississippi Kites and Bald Eagles are documented in the adjacent LaRue-Pine Hills area. Spring migration (March–May) brings peak warbler activity, with up to 20 species possible in late April. Summer birding focuses on breeding birds calling at dawn; late summer marks the start of southbound migration. Fall (September–October) is significant along the Mississippi Flyway for waterfowl and raptors. Winter may bring northern visitors such as Purple Finch, Pine Siskin, Red-breasted Nuthatch, and Red Crossbill. The Godwin Trail, King Hollow Trail, and Inspiration Point provide access to diverse habitats. Hutchins Creek serves as a riparian corridor for specialized species. The roadless condition preserves interior forest habitat essential for breeding warblers and other forest-interior birds, and maintains the quiet necessary for hearing calling birds and observing wildlife without motorized disturbance.

Paddling

Hutchins Creek is a candidate for Wild and Scenic River designation and features large pockets of water and deep pools, though it is highly seasonal—knee-high in spring and often dry by September. It is documented primarily for swimming, wading, and hiking rather than standard paddling. The Big Muddy River, adjacent to the western boundary, offers year-round kayaking and canoeing opportunities and can be accessed via the Big Muddy Boat Launch at the end of Lakewood Bottoms Road in southern Union County. Big Muddy Adventures organizes guided paddling trips, including full moon floats and overnight expeditions on the Big Muddy and Mississippi Rivers. Clear Springs is designated Wilderness; motorized and mechanical vehicles or equipment are strictly prohibited. Illinois watercraft permits are required. The roadless condition preserves Hutchins Creek's natural flow and riparian character, free from road-related erosion and sedimentation that would degrade water quality and habitat.

Photography

Inspiration Point, accessible via a 0.75-mile steep hike or the longer 1.3-mile McCann Springs Trail, is one of the premier scenic overlooks in the Shawnee National Forest, offering panoramic views of the Big Muddy River bottomlands, Mississippi River valley, and LaRue Pine Hills. The Godwin Trail Overlook, located along the River to River Trail, is described as one of the tallest scenic overlooks in the forest, capturing LaRue Pine Hills, the Big Muddy River, and the distant Mississippi Valley. Hutchins Creek features crystal-clear water, beach-like gravel bars, and deep pools suitable for photography. Clear Creek Springs and McCann Springs provide localized water features and botanical interest. The area is documented as very good for wildflower viewing, particularly in the deep, shaded coves and limestone cliffs that harbor relict species typically found in Appalachian or northern climates. Autumn foliage in the mixed deciduous forest (white oak, tulip tree, sugar maple) is a primary draw for fall photography. White-tailed deer and wild turkey provide frequent wildlife photography opportunities. The adjacent Snake Road is famous for seasonal migrations of thousands of amphibians and reptiles, including timber rattlesnakes and western ribbon snakes. The remote location offers minimal light pollution for stargazing. Published guides, including "Hiking with Shawn" digital and video guides and the River to River Trail Guide, document scenic overlooks and photography spots. The roadless condition preserves the visual integrity of ridgelines and stream corridors, free from road scars and development that would degrade scenic vistas and wildlife photography opportunities.